Table 2.

Main components of interventions to increase AVB use in 16 studies

Study	Instrument of training	Focused only on AVB	Didactic training	Simulation training	Short* practical hands-on training	Long† onsite, hands-on supervision	AVB guidelines	Provision of equipment	Audit and feedback
10 studies conducted in LMICs
Ameh (Kenya)47	VE	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Berglund et al (Ukraine)28	VE or F	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes
Sequeira Dmello et al (Tanzania)42	VE	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Dominico et al (Tanzania)30	VE	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes
Dumont et al (Senegal and Mali)40	VE or F	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No
Geelhoed et al (Mozambique)31	VE	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes
Gülmezoglu et al (Mexico and Thailand)	VE	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
Mogilevkina et al (Ukraine)46	VE or F	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Nolens et al (Uganda)29	VE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Sorensen et al (Tanzania)26	VE	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
6 studies conducted in HICs
Bardos et al (USA)38	F	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Becker et al (USA)39	VE and F	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Cottrell et al (USA)27	VE and F	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Skinner et al (Australia)43	VE and F	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes
Solt et al (USA)44	VE and F	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Takeda and Ohashi (Japan)45	F	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No

*Short: up to 30 days.

†Long: More than 30 days.

AVB, assisted vaginal birth; F, forceps; HICs, high-income countries; LMICs, low/middle-income countries; VE, vacuum extraction.