Table 3.
Conditional growth mixture modeling (GMM) results of depressive symptom trajectories.
| Reference class | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class | Chronic distress | Delayed distress | Recovery | Resilience | |
| Covariates | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Chronic distress | |||||
| Demographics | |||||
| Gender | Male | – | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | – | 1.176 (0.476, 2.905) | 0.664 (0.279, 1.584) | 1.411 (0.759, 2.622) | |
| Age | 55 or above | – | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 45–54 | – | 3.500 (0.119, 103.211) | 7.198 (0.491, 105.425) | 4.841 (0.451, 51.924) | |
| 35–44 | – | 3.778 (0.161, 88.814) | 13.043 (1.042, 163.319) | 16.508 (1.665, 163.707) | |
| 25–34 | – | 2.993 (0.123, 73.089) | 13.403 (1.033, 173.854) | 19.207 (1.841, 200.429) | |
| 15–24 | – | 1.308 (0.051, 33.299) | 15.331 (1.061, 221.491) | 25.761 (2.310, 287.275) | |
| Education | Tertiary or above | – | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Secondary or below | – | 1.113 (0.392, 3.157) | 0.671 (0.243, 1.849) | 1.732 (0.829, 3.617) | |
| Marital status | Married | – | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Single/divorced/widowed | – | 0.951 (0.273, 3.317) | 0.758 (0.274, 2.101) | 1.188 (0.545, 2.590) | |
| Employment | Employed | – | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Dependent | – | 2.820 (0.753, 10.568) | 1.073 (0.330, 3.492) | 0.738 (0.293, 1.863) | |
| Unemployed | – | 2.001 (0.285, 14.073) | 0.519 (0.121, 2.223) | 1.382 (0.431, 4.424) | |
| Income† | $60,000 or above | – | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| $40,000–$59,999 | – | 1.295 (0.347, 4.828) | 0.906 (0.274, 2.992) | 0.511 (0.211, 1.233) | |
| $20,000–$39,999 | – | 0.559 (0.170, 1.839) | 0.726 (0.216, 2.438) | 0.300 (0.125, 0.718) | |
| $19,999 or below | – | 2.189 (0.375, 12.785) | 0.931 (0.233, 3.721) | 0.486 (0.166, 1.426) | |
| Resources | |||||
| Personal | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | – | 2.874 (0.824, 10.032) | 5.625 (1.711, 18.492) | 5.294 (2.106, 13.308) |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | – | 0.239 (0.031, 1.836) | 0.849 (0.122, 5.925) | 1.064 (0.196, 5.791) | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | – | 4.088 (0.558, 29.937) | 1.276 (0.350, 4.656) | 0.787 (0.381, 1.627) | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | – | 0.348 (0.100, 1.214) | 0.178 (0.054, 0.584) | 0.189 (0.075, 0.475) | |
| Social | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | – | 1.230 (0.308, 4.909) | 3.161 (0.934, 10.704) | 7.399 (2.757, 19.856) |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | – | 11.923 (0.592, 240.254) | 9.521 (1.530, 59.247) | 6.854 (2.097, 22.406) | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | – | 1.176 (0.273, 5.074) | 0.547 (0.135, 2.216) | 0.338 (0.117, 0.979) | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | – | 0.813 (0.204, 3.244) | 0.316 (0.093, 1.071) | 0.135 (0.050, 0.363) | |
| Financial | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | – | 1.479 (0.407, 5.377) | 5.064 (1.437, 17.849) | 6.022 (2.290, 15.838) |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | – | 2.446 (0.358, 16.685) | 3.677 (0.654, 20.659) | 5.739 (1.493, 22.054) | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | – | 1.226 (0.323, 4.653) | 0.379 (0.117, 1.232) | 0.430 (0.186, 0.997) | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | – | 0.676 (0.186, 2.459) | 0.197 (0.056, 0.696) | 0.166 (0.063, 0.437) | |
| Delayed distress | |||||
| Demographics | |||||
| Gender | Male | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 0.850 (0.344, 2.101) | – | 0.565 (0.245, 1.304) | 1.200 (0.580, 2.483) | |
| Age | 55 or above | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| 45–54 | 0.286 (0.010, 8.424) | – | 2.056 (0.226, 18.696) | 1.383 (0.173, 11.027) | |
| 35–44 | 0.265 (0.011, 6.221) | – | 3.452 (0.497, 24.001) | 4.369 (0.659, 28.967) | |
| 25–34 | 0.334 (0.014, 8.159) | – | 4.478 (0.648, 30.932) | 6.417 (0.960, 42.903) | |
| 15–24 | 0.765 (0.030, 19.464) | – | 11.721 (1.581, 86.882) | 19.696 (2.901, 133.697) | |
| Education | Tertiary or above | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| Secondary or below | 0.899 (0.317, 2.550) | – | 0.603 (0.229, 1.586) | 1.556 (0.678, 3.571) | |
| Marital status | Married | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| Single/divorced/widowed | 1.052 (0.302, 3.669) | – | 0.798 (0.270, 2.353) | 1.250 (0.457, 3.416) | |
| Employment | Employed | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| Dependent | 0.355 (0.095, 1.329) | – | 0.381 (0.125, 1.156) | 0.262 (0.094, 0.727) | |
| Unemployed | 0.500 (0.071, 3.513) | – | 0.259 (0.046, 1.452) | 0.690 (0.128, 3.729) | |
| Income† | $60,000 or above | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| $40,000–$59,999 | 0.772 (0.207, 2.880) | – | 0.700 (0.215, 2.279) | 0.394 (0.138, 1.123) | |
| $20,000–$39,999 | 1.788 (0.544, 5.876) | – | 1.297 (0.419, 4.020) | 0.536 (0.206, 1.392) | |
| $19,999 or below | 0.457 (0.078, 2.668) | – | 0.425 (0.085, 2.140) | 0.222 (0.048, 1.025) | |
| Resources | |||||
| Personal | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | 0.348 (0.100, 1.214) | – | 1.957 (0.716, 5.351) | 1.842 (0.776, 4.372) |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | 4.188 (0.545, 32.198) | – | 3.554 (1.082, 11.679) | 4.457 (1.513, 13.130) | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | 0.245 (0.033, 1.791) | – | 0.312 (0.039, 2.486) | 0.193 (0.028, 1.343) | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | 2.874 (0.824, 10.032) | – | 0.511 (0.187, 1.397) | 0.543 (0.229, 1.289) | |
| Social | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | 0.813 (0.204, 3.244) | – | 2.570 (0.931, 7.092) | 6.014 (2.438, 14.838) |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | 0.084 (0.004, 1.690) | – | 0.799 (0.046, 13.937) | 0.575 (0.039, 8.519) | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | 0.850 (0.197, 3.667) | – | 0.465 (0.131, 1.648) | 0.287 (0.096, 0.861) | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | 1.230 (0.308, 4.909) | – | 0.389 (0.141, 1.074) | 0.166 (0.067, 0.410) | |
| Financial | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | 0.676 (0.186, 2.459) | – | 3.424 (1.204, 9.741) | 4.072 (1.693, 9.794) |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | 0.409 (0.060, 2.789) | – | 1.503 (0.284, 7.955) | 2.347 (0.503, 10.941) | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | 0.816 (0.215, 3.095) | – | 0.309 (0.091, 1.053) | 0.351 (0.118, 1.047) | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | 1.479 (0.407, 5.377) | – | 0.292 (0.103, 0.831) | 0.246 (0.102, 0.591) | |
| Recovery | |||||
| Demographics | |||||
| Gender | Male | 1 | 1 | – | 1 |
| Female | 1.505 (0.631, 3.588) | 1.770 (0.767, 4.084) | – | 2.123 (1.182, 3.814) | |
| Age | 55 or above | 1 | 1 | – | 1 |
| 45–54 | 0.139 (0.009, 2.035) | 0.486 (0.053, 4.421) | – | 0.672 (0.238, 1.898) | |
| 35–44 | 0.077 (0.006, 0.960) | 0.290 (0.042, 2.014) | – | 1.266 (0.529, 3.027) | |
| 25–34 | 0.075 (0.006, 0.968) | 0.223 (0.032, 1.542) | – | 1.433 (0.607, 3.381) | |
| 15–24 | 0.065 (0.005, 0.942) | 0.085 (0.012, 0.632) | – | 1.680 (0.626, 4.511) | |
| Education | Tertiary or above | 1 | 1 | – | 1 |
| Secondary or below | 1.491 (0.541, 4.112) | 1.659 (0.631, 4.367) | – | 2.583 (1.296, 5.149) | |
| Marital status | Married | 1 | 1 | – | 1 |
| Single/divorced/widowed | 1.319 (0.476, 3.654) | 1.254 (0.425, 3.700) | – | 1.567 (0.826, 2.975) | |
| Employment | Employed | 1 | 1 | – | 1 |
| Dependent | 0.932 (0.286, 3.031) | 2.627 (0.865, 7.979) | – | 0.688 (0.344, 1.375) | |
| Unemployed | 1.928 (0.450, 8.258) | 3.858 (0.689, 21.615) | – | 2.663 (1.008, 7.033) | |
| Income† | $60,000 or above | 1 | 1 | – | 1 |
| $40,000–$59,999 | 1.104 (0.334, 3.647) | 1.429 (0.439, 4.657) | – | 0.564 (0.259, 1.225) | |
| $20,000–$39,999 | 1.378 (0.410, 4.629) | 0.771 (0.249, 2.389) | – | 0.413 (0.184, 0.929) | |
| $19,999 or below | 1.074 (0.269, 4.289) | 2.351 (0.467, 11.823) | – | 0.522 (0.223, 1.223) | |
| Resources | |||||
| Personal | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | 0.178 (0.054, 0.584) | 0.511 (0.187, 1.397) | – | 0.941 (0.461, 1.920) |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | 1.178 (0.169, 8.226) | 0.281 (0.086, 0.925) | – | 1.254 (0.548, 2.870) | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | 0.784 (0.215, 2.860) | 3.204 (0.402, 25.525) | – | 0.617 (0.206, 1.849) | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | 5.625 (1.711, 18.492) | 1.957 (0.716, 5.351) | – | 1.062 (0.521, 2.167) | |
| Social | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | 0.316 (0.093, 1.071) | 0.389 (0.141, 1.074) | – | 2.341 (1.222, 4.484) |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | 0.105 (0.017, 0.654) | 1.252 (0.072, 21.856) | – | 0.720 (0.200, 2.593) | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | 1.827 (0.451, 7.397) | 2.149 (0.607, 7.609) | – | 0.617 (0.257, 1.486) | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | 3.161 (0.934, 10.704) | 2.570 (0.931, 7.092) | – | 0.427 (0.223, 0.818) | |
| Financial | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | 0.197 (0.056, 0.696) | 0.292 (0.103, 0.831) | – | 1.189 (0.563, 2.514) |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | 0.272 (0.048, 1.528) | 0.665 (0.126, 3.520) | – | 1.561 (0.555, 4.389) | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | 2.636 (0.811, 8.563) | 3.232 (0.950, 10.998) | – | 1.134 (0.497, 2.592) | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | 5.064 (1.437, 17.849) | 3.424 (1.204, 9.741) | – | 0.841 (0.398, 1.778) | |
| Resilience | |||||
| Demographics | |||||
| Gender | Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
| Female | 0.709 (0.381, 1.317) | 0.833 (0.403, 1.725) | 0.471 (0.262, 0.846) | – | |
| Age | 55 or above | 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
| 45–54 | 0.207 (0.019, 2.216) | 0.723 (0.091, 5.766) | 1.487 (0.527, 4.196) | – | |
| 35–44 | 0.061 (0.006, 0.601) | 0.229 (0.035, 1.517) | 0.790 (0.330, 1.889) | – | |
| 25–34 | 0.052 (0.005, 0.543) | 0.156 (0.023, 1.042) | 0.698 (0.296, 1.646) | – | |
| 15–24 | 0.039 (0.003, 0.433) | 0.051 (0.007, 0.345) | 0.595 (0.222, 1.598) | – | |
| Education | Tertiary or above | 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
| Secondary or below | 0.577 (0.276, 1.206) | 0.642 (0.280, 1.474) | 0.387 (0.194, 0.772) | – | |
| Marital status | Married | 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
| Single/divorced/widowed | 0.842 (0.386, 1.834) | 0.800 (0.293, 2.187) | 0.638 (0.336, 1.211) | – | |
| Employment | Employed | 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
| Dependent | 1.355 (0.537, 3.419) | 3.820 (1.375, 10.613) | 1.454 (0.727, 2.908) | – | |
| Unemployed | 0.724 (0.226, 2.318) | 1.449 (0.268, 7.825) | 0.376 (0.142, 0.992) | – | |
| Income† | $60,000 or above | 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
| $40,000–$59,999 | 1.959 (0.811, 4.732) | 2.536 (0.890, 7.226) | 1.774 (0.817, 3.855) | – | |
| $20,000–$39,999 | 3.336 (1.392, 7.991) | 1.866 (0.718, 4.849) | 2.421 (1.077, 5.442) | – | |
| $19,999 or below | 2.056 (0.701, 6.026) | 4.500 (0.976, 20.748) | 1.915 (0.818, 4.483) | – | |
| Resources | |||||
| Personal | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | 0.189 (0.075, 0.475) | 0.543 (0.229, 1.289) | 1.062 (0.521, 2.167) | – |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | 0.940 (0.173, 5.113) | 0.224 (0.076, 0.661) | 0.797 (0.348, 1.825) | – | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | 1.271 (0.615, 2.626) | 5.194 (0.744, 36.249) | 1.621 (0.541, 4.858) | – | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | 5.294 (2.106, 13.308) | 1.842 (0.776, 4.372) | 0.941 (0.461, 1.920) | – | |
| Social | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | 0.135 (0.050, 0.363) | 0.166 (0.067, 0.410) | 0.427 (0.223, 0.818) | – |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | 0.146 (0.045, 0.477) | 1.740 (0.117, 25.782) | 1.389 (0.386, 5.003) | – | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | 2.959 (1.022, 8.572) | 3.481 (1.161, 10.436) | 1.620 (0.673, 3.897) | – | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | 7.399 (2.757, 19.856) | 6.014 (2.438, 14.838) | 2.341 (1.222, 4.484) | – | |
| Financial | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | 0.166 (0.063, 0.437) | 0.246 (0.102, 0.591) | 0.841 (0.398, 1.778) | – |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | 0.174 (0.045, 0.670) | 0.426 (0.091, 1.987) | 0.641 (0.228, 1.801) | – | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | 2.324 (1.003, 5.384) | 2.849 (0.955, 8.499) | 0.882 (0.386, 2.014) | – | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | 6.022 (2.290, 15.838) | 4.072 (1.693, 9.794) | 1.189 (0.563, 2.514) | – | |
Bold texts indicate significant results.
†US$1≈HK$7.80.
‡The “Low-Low (Persistent low)” and “High-Low (Loss)” groups were compared against the “High-High (Persistent high)” group.
§The “Low-High (Gain)” and “High-High (Persistent high)” groups were compared against the “Low-Low (Persistent low)” group.