Table 4.
Conditional growth mixture modeling (GMM) results of anxiety symptom trajectories.
| Reference class | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class | Chronic distress | Delayed distress | Recovery | Resilience | |
| Covariates | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Chronic distress | |||||
| Demographics | |||||
| Gender | Male | – | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | – | 0.792 (0.350, 1.793) | 0.879 (0.412, 1.874) | 1.574 (0.884, 2.804) | |
| Age | 55 or above | – | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 45–54 | – | 1.171 (0.160, 8.592) | 0.862 (0.158, 4.696) | 0.891 (0.219, 3.620) | |
| 35–44 | – | 2.191 (0.467, 10.280) | 2.593 (0.667, 10.078) | 3.851 (1.350, 10.986) | |
| 25–34 | – | 1.443 (0.305, 6.834) | 1.951 (0.488, 7.802) | 4.113 (1.370, 12.346) | |
| 15–24 | – | 0.757 (0.148, 3.876) | 1.789 (0.387, 8.261) | 4.412 (1.298, 14.990) | |
| Education | Tertiary or above | – | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Secondary or below | – | 0.479 (0.182, 1.261) | 0.517 (0.207, 1.292) | 0.805 (0.387, 1.671) | |
| Marital status | Married | – | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Single/divorced/widowed | – | 0.937 (0.333, 2.635) | 0.778 (0.319, 1.897) | 0.758 (0.383, 1.502) | |
| Employment | Employed | – | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Dependent | – | 3.392 (1.111, 10.351) | 1.902 (0.661, 5.472) | 1.203 (0.524, 2.759) | |
| Unemployed | – | 4.343 (0.694, 27.178) | 3.017 (0.663, 13.731) | 2.114 (0.817, 5.469) | |
| Income† | $60,000 or above | – | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| $40,000–$59,999 | – | 2.466 (0.791, 7.687) | 1.347 (0.491, 3.697) | 0.815 (0.380, 1.746) | |
| $20,000–$39,999 | – | 1.187 (0.380, 3.701) | 0.681 (0.238, 1.947) | 0.410 (0.175, 0.957) | |
| $19,999 or below | – | 2.668 (0.649, 10.972) | 1.404 (0.396, 4.981) | 0.693 (0.263, 1.826) | |
| Resources | |||||
| Personal | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | – | 2.210 (0.733, 6.667) | 2.287 (0.848, 6.171) | 4.830 (2.192, 10.643) |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | – | 0.911 (0.216, 3.840) | 2.519 (0.569, 11.155) | 2.376 (0.803, 7.028) | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | – | 0.932 (0.308, 2.816) | 0.921 (0.349, 2.430) | 0.781 (0.379, 1.612) | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | – | 0.452 (0.150, 1.365) | 0.437 (0.162, 1.179) | 0.207 (0.094, 0.456) | |
| Social | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | – | 0.882 (0.269, 2.895) | 2.321 (0.847, 6.366) | 5.700 (2.511, 12.938) |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | – | 2.041 (0.335, 12.443) | 3.317 (0.761, 14.466) | 3.076 (1.083, 8.736) | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | – | 0.654 (0.189, 2.263) | 0.696 (0.200, 2.418) | 0.380 (0.143, 1.012) | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | – | 1.133 (0.345, 3.719) | 0.431 (0.157, 1.181) | 0.175 (0.077, 0.398) | |
| Financial | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | – | 1.637 (0.578, 4.636) | 1.914 (0.679, 5.392) | 3.050 (1.344, 6.921) |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | – | 4.123 (0.680, 25.007) | 3.696 (0.747, 18.284) | 3.649 (1.134, 11.743) | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | – | 2.456 (0.696, 8.662) | 1.431 (0.529, 3.870) | 0.918 (0.461, 1.826) | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | – | 0.611 (0.216, 1.730) | 0.523 (0.185, 1.472) | 0.328 (0.144, 0.744) | |
| Delayed distress | |||||
| Demographics | |||||
| Gender | Male | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 1.263 (0.558, 2.860) | – | 1.110 (0.561, 2.198) | 1.988 (1.075, 3.678) | |
| Age | 55 or above | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| 45–54 | 0.854 (0.116, 6.267) | – | 0.736 (0.172, 3.151) | 0.761 (0.200, 2.888) | |
| 35–44 | 0.457 (0.097, 2.142) | – | 1.184 (0.342, 4.102) | 1.758 (0.566, 5.463) | |
| 25–34 | 0.693 (0.146, 3.284) | – | 1.352 (0.393, 4.652) | 2.851 (0.924, 8.798) | |
| 15–24 | 1.321 (0.258, 6.763) | – | 2.363 (0.679, 8.223) | 5.827 (1.927, 17.619) | |
| Education | Tertiary or above | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| Secondary or below | 2.087 (0.793, 5.492) | – | 1.079 (0.491, 2.369) | 1.679 (0.831, 3.393) | |
| Marital status | Married | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| Single/divorced/widowed | 1.068 (0.380, 3.003) | – | 0.830 (0.341, 2.020) | 0.810 (0.360, 1.822) | |
| Employment | Employed | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| Dependent | 0.295 (0.097, 0.900) | – | 0.561 (0.226, 1.395) | 0.355 (0.157, 0.802) | |
| Unemployed | 0.230 (0.037, 1.441) | – | 0.695 (0.104, 4.619) | 0.487 (0.089, 2.650) | |
| Income† | $60,000 or above | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| $40,000–$59,999 | 0.405 (0.130, 1.264) | – | 0.546 (0.204, 1.460) | 0.330 (0.135, 0.806) | |
| $20,000–$39,999 | 0.843 (0.270, 2.628) | – | 0.574 (0.234, 1.408) | 0.345 (0.151, 0.789) | |
| $19,999 or below | 0.375 (0.091, 1.542) | – | 0.526 (0.154, 1.801) | 0.260 (0.085, 0.791) | |
| Resources | |||||
| Personal | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | 0.452 (0.150, 1.365) | – | 1.035 (0.454, 2.357) | 2.185 (1.026, 4.654) |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | 1.098 (0.260, 4.628) | – | 2.766 (0.821, 9.322) | 2.609 (0.986, 6.899) | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | 1.073 (0.355, 3.242) | – | 0.989 (0.376, 2.599) | 0.838 (0.338, 2.079) | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | 2.210 (0.733, 6.667) | – | 0.966 (0.424, 2.201) | 0.458 (0.215, 0.974) | |
| Social | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | 1.133 (0.345, 3.719) | – | 2.631 (1.064, 6.508) | 6.461 (2.819, 14.807) |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | 0.490 (0.080, 2.986) | – | 1.625 (0.322, 8.208) | 1.507 (0.355, 6.393) | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | 1.528 (0.442, 5.286) | – | 1.063 (0.407, 2.781) | 0.580 (0.256, 1.317) | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | 0.882 (0.269, 2.895) | – | 0.380 (0.154, 0.940) | 0.155 (0.068, 0.355) | |
| Financial | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | 0.611 (0.216, 1.730) | – | 1.169 (0.524, 2.609) | 1.863 (0.933, 3.721) |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | 0.243 (0.040, 1.471) | – | 0.896 (0.175, 4.599) | 0.885 (0.197, 3.981) | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | 0.407 (0.115, 1.436) | – | 0.583 (0.183, 1.856) | 0.374 (0.128, 1.088) | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | 1.637 (0.578, 4.636) | – | 0.855 (0.383, 1.910) | 0.537 (0.269, 1.072) | |
| Recovery | |||||
| Demographics | |||||
| Gender | Male | 1 | 1 | – | 1 |
| Female | 1.138 (0.534, 2.426) | 0.901 (0.455, 1.783) | – | 1.791 (1.095, 2.929) | |
| Age | 55 or above | 1 | 1 | – | 1 |
| 45–54 | 1.160 (0.213, 6.319) | 1.358 (0.317, 5.813) | – | 1.033 (0.432, 2.474) | |
| 35–44 | 0.386 (0.099, 1.499) | 0.845 (0.244, 2.927) | – | 1.485 (0.657, 3.355) | |
| 25–34 | 0.513 (0.128, 2.050) | 0.739 (0.215, 2.543) | – | 2.108 (0.911, 4.878) | |
| 15–24 | 0.559 (0.121, 2.582) | 0.423 (0.122, 1.473) | – | 2.466 (0.992, 6.130) | |
| Education | Tertiary or above | 1 | 1 | – | 1 |
| Secondary or below | 1.935 (0.774, 4.833) | 0.927 (0.422, 2.036) | – | 1.557 (0.872, 2.781) | |
| Marital status | Married | 1 | 1 | – | 1 |
| Single/divorced/widowed | 1.286 (0.527, 3.137) | 1.204 (0.495, 2.931) | – | 0.975 (0.536, 1.774) | |
| Employment | Employed | 1 | 1 | – | 1 |
| Dependent | 0.526 (0.183, 1.512) | 1.783 (0.717, 4.434) | – | 0.632 (0.328, 1.218) | |
| Unemployed | 0.331 (0.073, 1.509) | 1.440 (0.217, 9.572) | – | 0.701 (0.202, 2.425) | |
| Income† | $60,000 or above | 1 | 1 | – | 1 |
| $40,000–$59,999 | 0.742 (0.271, 2.037) | 1.831 (0.685, 4.893) | – | 0.605 (0.309, 1.184) | |
| $20,000–$39,999 | 1.468 (0.514, 4.193) | 1.742 (0.710, 4.271) | – | 0.601 (0.317, 1.140) | |
| $19,999 or below | 0.712 (0.201, 2.527) | 1.900 (0.555, 6.501) | – | 0.494 (0.208, 1.171) | |
| Resources | |||||
| Personal | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | 0.437 (0.162, 1.179) | 0.966 (0.424, 2.201) | – | 2.112 (1.196, 3.727) |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | 0.397 (0.090, 1.757) | 0.362 (0.107, 1.218) | – | 0.943 (0.357, 2.491) | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | 1.085 (0.412, 2.861) | 1.011 (0.385, 2.659) | – | 0.848 (0.426, 1.688) | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | 2.287 (0.848, 6.171) | 1.035 (0.454, 2.357) | – | 0.474 (0.268, 0.836) | |
| Social | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | 0.431 (0.157, 1.181) | 0.380 (0.154, 0.940) | – | 2.455 (1.404, 4.294) |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | 0.301 (0.069, 1.315) | 0.615 (0.122, 3.108) | – | 0.927 (0.348, 2.473) | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | 1.437 (0.414, 4.993) | 0.940 (0.360, 2.459) | – | 0.546 (0.256, 1.162) | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | 2.321 (0.847, 6.366) | 2.631 (1.064, 6.508) | – | 0.407 (0.233, 0.712) | |
| Financial | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | 0.523 (0.185, 1.472) | 0.855 (0.383, 1.910) | – | 1.594 (0.854, 2.975) |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | 0.271 (0.055, 1.339) | 1.116 (0.217, 5.724) | – | 0.987 (0.326, 2.989) | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | 0.699 (0.258, 1.889) | 1.716 (0.539, 5.465) | – | 0.641 (0.304, 1.353) | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | 1.914 (0.679, 5.392) | 1.169 (0.524, 2.609) | – | 0.627 (0.336, 1.171) | |
| Resilience | |||||
| Demographics | |||||
| Gender | Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
| Female | 0.635 (0.357, 1.131) | 0.503 (0.272, 0.930) | 0.558 (0.341, 0.913) | – | |
| Age | 55 or above | 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
| 45–54 | 1.122 (0.276, 4.561) | 1.314 (0.346, 4.989) | 0.968 (0.404, 2.317) | – | |
| 35–44 | 0.260 (0.091, 0.741) | 0.569 (0.183, 1.768) | 0.673 (0.298, 1.521) | – | |
| 25–34 | 0.243 (0.081, 0.730) | 0.351 (0.114, 1.083) | 0.474 (0.205, 1.098) | – | |
| 15–24 | 0.227 (0.067, 0.770) | 0.172 (0.057, 0.519) | 0.405 (0.163, 1.008) | – | |
| Education | Tertiary or above | 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
| Secondary or below | 1.243 (0.598, 2.581) | 0.596 (0.295, 1.203) | 0.642 (0.360, 1.147) | – | |
| Marital status | Married | 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
| Single/divorced/widowed | 1.318 (0.666, 2.610) | 1.235 (0.549, 2.778) | 1.025 (0.564, 1.865) | – | |
| Employment | Employed | 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
| Dependent | 0.831 (0.362, 1.907) | 2.820 (1.247, 6.376) | 1.581 (0.821, 3.046) | – | |
| Unemployed | 0.473 (0.183, 1.223) | 2.054 (0.377, 11.184) | 1.427 (0.412, 4.938) | – | |
| Income† | $60,000 or above | 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
| $40,000–$59,999 | 1.227 (0.573, 2.630) | 3.027 (1.241, 7.380) | 1.653 (0.845, 3.236) | – | |
| $20,000–$39,999 | 2.442 (1.045, 5.704) | 2.898 (1.267, 6.629) | 1.664 (0.877, 3.157) | – | |
| $19,999 or below | 1.442 (0.548, 3.799) | 3.848 (1.265, 11.705) | 2.025 (0.854, 4.800) | – | |
| Resources | |||||
| Personal | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | 0.207 (0.094, 0.456) | 0.458 (0.215, 0.974) | 0.474 (0.268, 0.836) | – |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | 0.421 (0.142, 1.245) | 0.383 (0.145, 1.014) | 1.060 (0.401, 2.801) | – | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | 1.280 (0.620, 2.642) | 1.193 (0.481, 2.960) | 1.180 (0.592, 2.350) | – | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | 4.830 (2.192, 10.643) | 2.185 (1.026, 4.654) | 2.112 (1.196, 3.727) | – | |
| Social | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | 0.175 (0.077, 0.398) | 0.155 (0.068, 0.355) | 0.407 (0.233, 0.712) | – |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | 0.325 (0.114, 0.924) | 0.664 (0.156, 2.816) | 1.079 (0.404, 2.876) | – | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | 2.633 (0.988, 7.017) | 1.723 (0.759, 3.911) | 1.833 (0.861, 3.903) | – | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | 5.700 (2.511, 12.938) | 6.461 (2.819, 14.807) | 2.455 (1.404, 4.294) | – | |
| Financial | Low-Low (Persistent low)‡ | 0.328 (0.144, 0.744) | 0.537 (0.269, 1.072) | 0.627 (0.336, 1.171) | – |
| High-Low (Loss)‡ | 0.274 (0.085, 0.882) | 1.130 (0.251, 5.083) | 1.013 (0.335, 3.066) | – | |
| Low-High (Gain)§ | 1.089 (0.548, 2.168) | 2.676 (0.919, 7.791) | 1.559 (0.739, 3.288) | – | |
| High-High (Persistent high)§ | 3.050 (1.344, 6.921) | 1.863 (0.933, 3.721) | 1.594 (0.854, 2.975) | – | |
Bold texts indicate significant results.
†US$1≈HK$7.80.
‡The “Low-Low (Persistent low)” and “High-Low (Loss)” groups were compared against the “High-High (Persistent high)” group.
§The “Low-High (Gain)” and “High-High (Persistent high)” groups were compared against the “Low-Low (Persistent low)” group.