Table 2.

Clinical efficacy and mechanism of action of Chinese patent medicine for DKD treatment.

Chinese patent medicine	Result	Pathway
Tangshen Formula	Reduce blood glucose and urinary albumin to resist inflammation and fibrosis	JAK/STAT/SOCS1, TNF-α and TGF-β/MMP-1 pathways, Col-IV level [133]
Huangkui Capsule	Prevent tubulointerstitial fibrosis, reduce SCr and BUN, improve inflammation	NADPH, ERK and TGF-β1/p38-MAPK pathways [135–137]
Yishen Tongluo Granule	Improve Ccr, FBG, TG, TC and HbA1c, etc.	Regulate expression of SOD, MDA, ET-1 and VEGF [138]
Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill	Reduce the UAER and β2-microglobulin in blood and urine	Inhibit ROS production [139–141]
Wuling Powder	Reduce blood glucose and improve glycation-mediated kidney injury	Suppress NF-κB and TGF- β /Smads pathways [142–143]
Jinshuibao Capsule	Reduce SBP, DBP, and 24-h UP, UACR, SCr, BUN and TG	Regulate glycolipid metabolism, anti-oxidization, and anti-inflammation [144–146]
Tongluo Capsule	Improve SCr, BUN, TC, TG, LDL-C, etc.	Decrease serum TGF-β level [147]
Shenshuaining Granule	Reduce 24-h UP, SCr and BUN	Inhibit SOD, AOPP, AGEs and IL-8 [148]
Compound Rhizoma Coptidis Capsule	Reduce FBG, BUN, SCr, and 24-h UP	Inhibit TGF-β1 and Col-IV [149]
Qizhi Jiangtang Capsule	Reduce urinary protein	Anti-oxidative stress [150]
Qi-flavor Granule	Anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidative stress	Decrease TGF-β1 expression [151]
Chaihuang Yishen Granule	Reduce 24-h UP	Inhibit the TGF-β/Smad3-mediated kidney fibrosis [152]
Qidan Dihuang Granule	Improve 24-h urinary proteinuria, total proteinuria, and UACR	Reduce fibrosis in glomerular endothelial and mesangial cells [153]