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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 15.
Published in final edited form as: Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2019 Nov 4;21(3-4):235–245. doi: 10.1080/21678421.2019.1682613

Table 2.

Drugs associated with ALS risk at p < 0.005 in either the one or three-year lagged analysis (percentages based on <11 individuals cannot be disclosed and are marked by ND in the table). P-values that meet the Bonferroni correction are in cells shaded in grey For findings that are significant at both lag times, p-values are presented in bold faced font.

DrugGroup GN Oneyear lag 10,450 cases/104,500 controls Three-year lag 7891 cases/ 78 794 controls
% exposed % exposed
Cases controls OR Std error p-value cases controls OR Std error p-value
Analgesic Diclofenac misoprostol 0.3 0.42 0.6 0.19 6.12E-03 ND ND 0.36 0.32 2.43E-04
Hydrocodone /acetaminophen 21.8 19.83 0.94 0.03 2.00E-02 13.98 13.35 0.87 0.04 1.36E-04
Meloxicam 5.73 5.26 0.97 0.05 4.52E-01 3.18 3.26 0.84 0.07 8.66E-03
Morphine sulfate 0.68 0.61 0.89 0.13 3.76E-01 0.25 0.38 0.55 0.23 9.61E-03
Propoxyphene /acetaminophen 6.23 6.3 0.85 0.04 2.57E-04 4.52 4.87 0.74 0.24 1.95E-01
Tramadol /acetaminophen 1.06 1.48 0.68 0.1 8.21E-05 0.8 1.05 0.94 0.06 1.02E-01
Antibiotics Amoxicillin 11.05 10.58 0.87 0.03 2.52E-05 7.46 7.00 0.86 0.05 1.63E-03
Azithromycin 14.31 13.85 0.85 0.03 3.47E-07 8.16 8.26 0.79 0.05 3.69E-07
Cephalexin 7.95 7.78 0.83 0.04 2.63E-06 4.85 4.82 0.81 0.06 1.95E-04
Ciprofloxacin 12.68 11.97 0.89 0.03 4.54E-04 7.74 7.14 0.91 0.05 2.36E-02
Clarithromycin 0.97 1.05 0.75 0.11 5.73E-03 0.72 0.69 0.84 0.14 2.03E-01
Levofloxacin 8.32 7.12 0.96 0.04 3.25E-01 5.02 4.53 0.88 0.06 2.64E-02
Moxifloxacin 4.07 4.05 0.88 0.05 1.58E-02 2.18 2.40 0.78 0.08 1.83E-03
Ofloxacin 0.39 0.55 0.66 0.16 9.96E-03 0.15 0.23 0.61 0.30 1.03E-01
Anti-ulcer Esomeprazole 7.72 7.18 0.94 0.04 1.17E-01 5.45 5.54 0.85 0.05 2.20E-03
Omeprazole 14.69 14.63 0.91 0.03 1.50E-03 8.73 9.27 0.83 0.04 2.54E-05
Pantoprazole 5.58 5.28 0.94 0.05 1.49E-01 3.61 3.64 0.87 0.06 3.41E-02
Rabeprazole 1.52 1.03 1.27 0.09 5.42E-03 1.31 0.88 1.29 0.11 1.76E-02
Ranitidine 3.82 4.54 0.83 0.05 6.64E-04 2.52 3.25 0.77 0.08 6.29E-04
Anti-allergic Fexofenadine 3.61 3.67 0.85 0.06 4.72E-03 2.84 2.94 0.83 0.07 8.01E-03
Anti-asthma treatment Albuterol 7.55 7.56 0.95 0.04 1.78E-01 4.35 5.07 0.79 0.06 9.08E-05
Fluticasone/salmeterol 5.08 4.94 0.97 0.05 5.37E-01 3.35 3.55 0.86 0.07 2.66E-02
Montelukast 3.68 3.43 0.97 0.06 6.03E-01 2.29 2.56 0.80 0.08 4.16E-03
Tiotropium 3.36 3.19 0.99 0.06 8.89E-01 1.91 1.98 0.87 0.09 1.10E-01
Corticosteroid Budesonide 1.12 0.69 1.34 0.1 3.70E-03 0.81 0.55 1.16 0.14 2.65E-01
Methylprednisolone 4.25 4.02 0.84 0.05 1.06E-03 2.10 2.38 0.69 0.08 5.95E-06
Triamcinolone 5.16 5.15 0.87 0.05 2.50E-03 3.09 3.44 0.77 0.07 1.22E-04
Antihyperlipidemic Atorvastatin 17.81 17.79 0.94 0.03 4.07E-02 14.62 14.52 0.92 0.03 1.37E-02
Ezetimibe/simvastatin 4.3 4.74 0.83 0.05 3.51E-04 3.70 4.22 1.40 0.06 9.50E-01
Fenofibrate 3.3 3.79 0.83 0.06 1.49E-03 2.43 2.80 0.81 0.08 6.98E-03
Lovastatin 4.57 5.45 0.87 0.05 5.40E-03 3.88 4.55 0.86 0.06 1.33E-02
Rosuvastatin 6.26 6.36 0.92 0.04 6.00E-02 4.08 4.51 0.83 0.06 1.53E-03
Simvastatin 21.88 23.31 0.89 0.03 1.62E-05 15.59 16.31 0.88 0.03 1.94E-04
Antihypertensive Amlodipine 14.39 16.29 0.86 0.03 7.43E-07 10.09 11.39 0.85 0.04 5.62E-05
Amlodipine/benazepril 2.73 3.52 0.79 0.06 2.24E-04 2.41 3.02 0.80 0.08 3.05E-03
Benazepril 1.92 2.36 0.82 0.07 7.68E-03 1.41 1.78 0.77 0.10 9.93E-03
Carvedilol 4.37 5.67 0.74 0.05 3.17E-09 2.94 3.64 0.77 0.07 1.77E-04
Diltiazem 4.95 5.13 0.89 0.05 2.00E-02 3.76 4.07 0.86 0.06 1.52E-02
Enalapril - - - - - 2.72 3.32 0.83 0.07 1.21E-02
Furosemide 11.41 13.68 0.76 0.03 1.97E-15 7.77 9.62 0.75 0.05 4.99E-10
Hydrochlorothiazide 13.39 14.22 0.94 0.03 5.25E-02 10.45 11.15 0.92 0.04 2.66E-02
Lisinopril 18.74 20.62 0.89 0.03 1.96E-05 13.6 15.05 0.86 0.04 4.87E-05
Lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide 4.71 4.82 0.99 0.05 8.16E-01 3.49 3.94 0.88 0.07 5.87E-02
Losartan/hydrochlorothiazide 2.07 2.5 0.83 0.07 9.93E-03 1.25 1.70 0.72 0.11 2.08E-03
Metoprolol 19.24 20.46 0.86 0.03 8.01E-08 14.65 15.67 0.84 0.04 3.08E-07
Spironolactone 2.33 2.63 0.83 0.07 6.73E-03 1.53 1.64 0.88 0.10 1.93E-01
Torsemide 0.48 0.75 0.61 0.15 7.80E-04 0.30 0.53 0.55 0.21 4.40E-03
Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 3.11 3.73 0.83 0.06 1.98E-03 2.71 3.01 0.88 0.07 8.90E-02
CVD/Other Aliskiren 0.23 0.37 0.58 0.21 9.94E-03 0.15 0.21 0.66 0.30 1.63E-01
Isosorbide mononitrate 2.97 3.54 0.82 0.06 1.19E-03 2.23 2.57 0.85 0.08 3.87E-02
Nitroglycerin 4.53 4.97 0.82 0.05 1.07E-04 2.84 3.33 0.76 0.07 1.20E-04
Amiodarone 1.66 1.77 0.81 0.08 8.13E-03 1.05 1.15 0.76 0.12 2.14E-02
Clonidine 2.33 2.92 0.82 0.07 3.37E-03 1.55 2.08 0.76 0.10 3.44E-03
Clopidogrel 9.93 10.22 0.91 0.04 7.82E-03 6.82 7.58 0.81 0.05 2.77E-05
Digoxin 3.24 3.89 0.73 0.06 4.51E-08 2.38 2.99 0.69 0.08 1.47E-06
Heparin, porcine 0.15 0.06 2.17 0.28 6.33E-03 ND ND 1.20 0.49 7.09E-01
Ticagrelor ND ND 4.92 0.6 8.33E-03 - - - - -
Warfarin 8.93 9.2 0.78 0.04 4.94E-11 6.45 6.54 0.79 0.05 1.51E-06
Antidiabetes Glimepiride 2.19 3.08 0.78 0.07 6.62E-04 1.57 2.2 0.78 0.10 8.14E-03
Glipizide 3.51 5.12 0.8 0.06 1.21E-04 2.78 4.07 0.80 0.07 2.16E-03
Glyburide 2.12 2.97 0.83 0.07 8.58E-03 1.79 2.42 0.86 0.09 1.06E-01
Glyburide/metformin 0.84 1.44 0.71 0.11 2.40E-03 0.71 1.25 0.69 0.14 8.67E-03
Metformin 10.35 13.32 0.85 0.04 2.03E-05 7.86 10.21 0.83 0.05 1.01E-04
Pioglitazone 3.03 4.14 0.83 0.06 3.24E-03 2.45 3.34 0.82 0.08 1.23E-02
Rosiglitazone 1.68 2.25 0.86 0.08 6.92E-02 1.51 2.18 0.80 0.10 2.22E-02
Rosiglitazone/metformin 0.16 0.37 0.51 0.25 7.48E-03 - - 0.49 0.32 2.58E-02
Sitagliptin 1.24 1.68 0.81 0.09 2.81E-02 0.75 0.94 0.82 0.28 4.76E-01
Glucagon, human recombinant 4.1 6.09 0.73 0.06 6.67E-09 2.93 4.37 0.75 0.07 6.33E-05
Central Nervous system (CNS) Baclofen 1.98 0.63 2.73 0.08 3.21E-34 1.03 0.39 2.21 0.13 5.57E-10
Tizanidine 1.08 0.59 1.5 0.1 9.16E-05 0.51 0.35 1.18 0.17 3.39E-01
Gabapentin 8.79 6.98 1.16 0.04 1.51E-04 5.08 4.41 1.33 0.06 5.56E-01
Oxcarbazepine 0.34 0.17 1.64 0.19 7.48E-03 0.24 0.13 1.59 0.25 6.77E-02
Carbidopa/levodopa 2.74 1.34 1.73 0.07 3.06E-16 1.39 0.89 1.30 0.10 1.26E-02
Ropinirole 1.74 1.17 1.26 0.08 4.50E-03 1.17 0.78 1.26 0.11 4.25E-02
Peripheral nervous system Pyridostigmine 0.53 0.1 4.45 0.17 1.28E-18 0.16 0.07 2.12 0.31 1.70E-02
Antimuscarinic Oxybutynin 3.13 2.36 1.18 0.06 5.77E-03 1.71 1.52 0.99 0.09 9.49E-01
Solifenacin 1.73 1.19 1.24 0.08 7.59E-03 1 0.71 1.19 0.12 1.65E-01
Psychiatric / Antidepressant SSRI Fluoxetine 3.17 2.35 1.22 0.06 7.90E-04 2.34 1.73 1.21 0.08 1.73E-02
Sertraline 5.48 4.3 1.14 0.05 4.80E-03 3.23 2.99 0.94 0.07 3.58E-01
Psychiatric / Anti-anxiety Meprobamate 0.12 0.05 2.32 0.32 7.68E-03 - - - - -
Psychiatric / Antipsychotic Quetiapine 1.4 1.54 0.77 0.09 2.75E-03 0.79 0.92 0.74 0.13 2.62E-02
Misc. / anti-emetic Promethazine 2.3 2.31 0.83 0.07 7.32E-03 1.51 1.49 0.86 0.10 1.20E-01
Misc. / Antibody Immune globulin γ-caprylate ND ND 9.7 0.47 1.19E-06 - - - - -
Misc. / Dietary supplement Omega-3 1.07 1.12 0.87 0.10 1.58E-01 0.49 0.7 0.62 0.17 4.00E-03
Misc./Nutritive Agent Potassium chloride 9.98 11.03 0.82 0.04 5.63E-08 6.92 7.92 0.80 0.05 2.12E-06
Misc./Antigout Allopurinol 3.67 4.2 0.85 0.06 4.31E-03 2.67 3.01 0.85 0.07 3.26E-02