Table 1.

Summary of recent developments of nanocomposites conducting polymer-based sensing platform for the detection of biomolecules and chemical.

Polymeric system	Composite materials	Detection method	Target analyte	Limit of detection	Real sample	Ref.
Polypyrrole (PPy)	MWCNTs-PPy-DNA	QCM and EIS	subunit 35 S of ribosomal RNA of Cauliflower mosaic virus	4 pM for QCM	–	[83]
	Tz/PPy hydrogel	CV and SWV	AA, DA and UA	1283 nM for AA 44 nM for DA 46 nM for UA	human urine and Yinqiao tablet	[39]
	AuNPs–PPy–reduced GO	CA	Organophosphorus pesticides	0.5 nM	paraoxon-ethyl dosed tap water	[89]
Polythiophene (PTh)	AuNPs/2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene-3′ (p-benzoic acid) (TBA)	EIS	Chemokine ligand	0.078 ng/mL	human serum sample	[90]
	PTh–NH2-g-PEG/enzymes	CV and EIS	Phenolic compounds	0.01 μM	artificial wastewater test	[91]
	mannose thiol/quinone-PTh	SWV and QCM	Bacterial detection (E. coli)	25 cell/mL for SWV	–	[92]
Polyaniline (PANI)	ABEI-Ag/PANI-ATMP hydrogel	electrochemiluminescence	Xanthine	9.6 nM	fish meat with a cell disrupter	[40]
	enzyme/PANI	CV	Tamoxifen	0.07 ng mL−1	1.0 ng mL−1 tamoxifen tablet	[58]
	Melamine imprinted PANI/PAA film	DPV	Melamine	0.0172 nM	infant formula milk samples	[93]
	Fe3O4/MWCNT/PANI/Nf	CV, DPV, CA	Urea	67 μM	milk	[94]
	Graphene/polyvinylpyrrolidone/PANI/cholesterol oxidase	CV	Cholesterol	1 μM	lyophilized human serum	[95]
	core–shell structure of NiCo2O4/PANI	CA	Glucose	0.3833 μM	–	[96]
Poly (3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) (PEDOT)	PEDOT-co-PEDOT-OH/peptide-imprinting nanotube	CV	α-synuclein gene	4.0 pM	patient's midbrain-like organoids	[52]
	phenylboronic acid-grafted PEDOT nanotube	QCM	Glucose	50 μM	–	[76]
	iridium oxide/PEDOT/Tyrosinase	CA	Catechol and AZN	0.017 μM for catechol 2.964 μM for AZN	AZN in tap water, waste water, well water, human urine, serum	[97]
	Fe2O3/rGO/PEDOT/enzyme	CV and EIS	Acetylcholine	4.0 nM	human serum	[61]
	PEDOT:PSS/AuNPs	CV	Xanthine	30 nM	fish and meat samples	[98]
Poly (p-phenylene) (PPP)	ferrocenyl group/DNA/PPP	CV	OND of Hepatitis C	30 fM	–	[99]

(MWCNTs: multiwalled carbon nanotubes, Nf: Nafion, Tz: Tartrazine, rGO: reduced graphene oxide, AuNPs: gold nanoparticles, PAA: polyacrylic acid, AZN: azinphos methyl).