FIGURE 1.

Digital twins were created from individual patient data. (a) Schematic of method for generating a virtual cohort, deriving lesion growth dynamics, and simulating treatment. Data in Socinski et al. ¹³ were obtained from Project Data Sphere and used to bootstrap a virtual cohort of 1000 patients. Anatomical site‐specific lesion size measurements of NSCLCs in Socinski et al. ¹³ were then used to fit a nonlinear mixed‐effects model of lesion‐level growth dynamics under platinum doublet therapy. Similarly, anatomical site‐specific lesion growth dynamics were obtained from Osorio et al. ³ and used in tandem with tumor burden dynamics from Nishino et al. ¹⁸ to fit a nonlinear mixed‐effects model for lesion growth dynamics under pembrolizumab (see Methods). (b) Baseline lesion distribution observed in the control arm of Socinski et al. ¹³ (c) Lesion‐level response dynamics of 524 patients treated with first‐line carboplatin and paclitaxel ¹³ obtained from Project Data Sphere. For clarity, only one lesion per patient is shown. Additional anatomical sites, individual lesion‐level model fits, and parameter estimates are provided in the Appendix S1. BOR, best objective response