Table 3.
Univariable logistic regression analysis of risk factors for the presence of C. perfringens in diseased chicken.
| Variables | Covariable | No. of chickens | No. of chickens positive for C. perfringens(%) | 95% CIa | OR (95% CI) | p-valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Farm location | Hilly area | 6 | 1 (16.67) | 0.42–64.12 | Reference | 0.309 |
| Plain land | 64 | 24 (37.50) | 25.70–50.49 | 3 (0.33–27.23) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Birds type | Layer | 21 | 8 (38.10) | 18.10–61.56 | 1.16 (0.35–3.84) | 0.964 |
| Broiler | 23 | 8 (34.78) | 16.37–57.26 | 1 (0.30–3.27) | ||
| Sonali | 26 | 9 (34.62) | 17.21–55.66 | Reference | ||
|
| ||||||
| Flock sizec | Small | 9 | 3 (33.33) | 7.48–70.07 | 1.3 (0.23–7.31) | 0.674 |
| Medium | 18 | 5 (27.78) | 9.69–53.48 | Reference | ||
| Large | 43 | 17 (39.53) | 24.97–55.59 | 1.7 (0.13–1.07) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Chicken aged | Chick | 3 | 0 (0.00) | — | 1.71 (0.02–2.23) | 0.619 |
| Pullet | 4 | 2 (50.00) | 6.75–93.24 | 4 (0.21–75.65) | ||
| Finisher | 5 | 1 (20.00) | 0.50–71.64 | Reference | ||
| Hen | 14 | 6 (42.86) | 17.66–71.13 | 3 (0.26–34.19) | ||
| Starter | 20 | 6 (30.00) | 11.89–54.27 | 1 (−) | ||
| Grower | 24 | 10 (41.67) | 22.10–63.35 | 2.85 (0.27–29.56) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Feed types | Homemade | 7 | 3 (42.86) | 9.89–81.59 | 0.73 (0.14–3.65) | 0.907 |
| Mash | 15 | 5 (33.33) | 11.82–61.61 | Reference | ||
| Pellet | 48 | 17 (35.42) | 22.16–50.54 | 0.66 (0.10–4.20) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Litter materials | No use | 11 | 3 (27.27) | 6.02–60.97 | 3.37 (0.46–24.28) | 0.006b |
| New | 20 | 2 (10.00) | 1.23–61.69 | Reference | ||
| Previously used | 39 | 20 (35.71) | 34.78–67.58 | 9.47 (1.93–46.46) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Materials type | Straw | 5 | 3 (60.00) | 14.66–94.72 | 4 (0.43–37.10) | 0.606 |
| Cage | 11 | 3 (27.27) | 6.02–60.97 | Reference | ||
| Rice husk | 15 | 6 (40.00) | 16.33–67.02 | 1.33 (0.30–5.88) | ||
| Saw dust | 39 | 13 (33.33) | 19.08–50.21 | 1.77 (0.33–9.55) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Floor type | Muddy | 5 | 2 (40.00) | 5.27–85.33 | 1.70 (0.24–11.95) | 0.475 |
| Semi pucca | 32 | 9 (28.13) | 13.74–46.74 | Reference | ||
| Concrete | 33 | 14 (42.42) | 25.47–60.78 | 1.88 (0.66–5.29) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Water source | Pond | 1 | 0 (0.00) | — | Omitted | 0.730 |
| Tube well | 29 | 10 (34.48) | 17.93–54.33 | Reference | ||
| Tank water | 40 | 15 (37.50) | 22.72–54.19 | 1.14 (0.42–3.09) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Vaccination | Yes | 61 | 22 (36.07) | 24.16–49.37 | 1.12 (0.25–4.96) | 0.873 |
| No | 9 | 3 (33.33) | 7.48–70.07 | Reference | ||
|
| ||||||
| Deworming | Yes | 25 | 9 (36.00) | 17.97–57.47 | 1.01 (0.36–2.82) | 0.970 |
| No | 45 | 16 (35.56) | 21.86–51.21 | Reference | ||
|
| ||||||
| Use of antibiotics | Yes | 54 | 23 (42.59) | 29.23–56.79 | 5.19 (1.07–25.13) | 0.027 |
| No | 16 | 2 (12.50) | 1.55–38.34 | Reference | ||
|
| ||||||
| Use of probiotics | Yes | 13 | 7 (53.85) | 25.13–80.77 | 2.52 (0.74–8.60) | 0.131 |
| No | 57 | 18 (31.58) | 19.90–45.24 | Reference | ||
|
| ||||||
| Use of feed enzymes | Yes | 31 | 12 (38.71) | 21.84–57.81 | 1.26 (0.47–3.37) | 0.641 |
| No | 39 | 13 (33.33) | 19.08–50.21 | Reference | ||
|
| ||||||
| Use of feed supplements | Yes | 63 | 24 (38.10) | 26.14–51.20 | 3.69 (0.41–32.57) | 0.212 |
| No | 7 | 1 (14.29) | 0.36–57.87 | Reference | ||
|
| ||||||
| Intestinal lesions | Ballooned with gas | 5 | 2 (40.00) | 5.27–85.33 | 6.22 (0.72–53.37) | 0.001b |
| Ulceration | 13 | 5 (38.46) | 13.85–68.42 | 5.83 (1.13–29.85) | ||
| Necrosis | 21 | 15 (71.43) | 47.82–88.71 | 23.33 (5.09–106.81) | ||
| Hemorrhage | 31 | 3 (9.68) | 2.04–25.75 | Reference | ||
a-Confidence interval, b-significance, which is ≤0.05, c-flock size which are small (≤500), medium (501–1000) and large (≥1000), d-chicken age: in case of broiler and Sonali, [starter (1–21 days), grower (22–42) and finisher (≥42 days)]; in case of layer, [chick (1–28 days), pullet (29–105 days), and hen (≥105 days)].