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. 2023 Feb 15;614(7948):479–485. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05586-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 6 — a, Sentinel-2 image of TEIS and Thwaites Main Trunk from 9 February 2019. Coloured contours show gridded bed depth beneath present-day grounded ice from NASA IceBridge Multichannel Coherent Radar Depth Sounder (MCoRDS) data⁶⁸ collected over Thwaites Glacier between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2012. The green area indicates the location of the 2016–2017 grounding-zone region¹⁸, whereas the yellow star indicates the location of the hot-water-drilled access hole. b, Profile of bed depth along the present-day grounding line beneath TEIS and Thwaites Main Trunk from NASA IceBridge MCoRDS data⁶⁸. The dotted line at 106° W marks the boundary between TEIS and the Thwaites Main Trunk. c, Profiles of ice base (light grey) and seabed (dark grey) from the Icefin T1 transect. The white triangle marks the location of the 2011 grounding line from satellite interferometry¹⁸. The map in panel a was created with MATLAB.