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. 2023 Feb 15;15:51. doi: 10.1007/s40820-023-01015-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Performance of #4 hydrogel: a Weight loss (%) of hydrogel with and without glycerol over 552 h. b Wavelength transparency from 300 to 800 nm. c DSC graphs of #4 hydrogel and #4 hydrogel without SBMA, glycerol, and NaCl. d Photographs demonstrating freezing point change at the low temperature (− 17 °C) depending on the contents of NaCl, glycerol, and SBMA. e LED luminescence intensity testing through circuit configuration at − 17 °C. f Sensitivity at the low temperature (− 17 °C) at a strain of 10%