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. 2023 Feb 15;3:28. doi: 10.1038/s43856-023-00256-2

Fig. 1. Levels of cytokines and neurotrophic factors in the CSF of naive SMA patients.

Fig. 1

Increased levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12 (p70), IL-17, MIP-1α, PDGF-BB, VEGF, MCP-1, G-CSF, IFN-γ, eotaxin and TNF-α are found in the CSF of SMA1 (n = 18) patients compared to SMA2 (n = 19) and/or SMA3 (n = 11) patients. Controls (n = 4) were used as a reference for physiological levels of cytokines. Data are shown as box and whisker plots representing median with interquartile range (IQR). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.0001, compared to SMA2 or SMA3 (Bonferroni multiple comparisons). Dots represent individual patients’ values. The dotted line represents the median of control samples.