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. 2023 Feb 15;14:843. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36380-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a Polarization curve of the PEM electrolyzer obtained at 50 °C with Nafion 212 membrane. b Comparison of the efficiency of previously reported anode electrocatalysts. The X-axis represents the anode noble metal cost (Supplementary Table 8). The left and right Y-axis represent the cell voltage and energy efficiency at 1 and 2 A cm⁻² respectively. c Chronopotentiometry curve of the PEM electrolyzer using SnRuO_x catalyst operated at 1 A cm⁻² at 50 °C with Nafion 115 membrane. Insert in c show the total dissolution amount of Ru during the 1300 h test. d Comparison of the operational stability (operation time and performance degradation rate) of SnRuO_x with reported anode catalysts. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.