Table 2.
Risk of bias assessment.
| Study | Random sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding of participants and personnel | Blinding of outcome assessment | Incomplete outcome data | Selective reporting | Other bias | Overall risk of bias# |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V Baar 1998 [24] | + | + | - | - | + | ? | + | Low |
| Hopman-Rock 2000 [20] | ? | ? | - | - | ? | ? | + | High |
| Foley 2003 [18] | + | + | - | - | + | ? | ? | Low |
| Stener-Victorin 2004 [22] | + | ? | - | - | - | + | + | High |
| Tak 2005 [23] | + | ? | - | - | + | ? | + | High |
| Fernandes 2010 [17] | + | + | - | - | + | + | + | Low |
| Juhakoski 2011 [21] | + | + | - | - | + | ? | + | Low |
| French 2013 [19] | + | + | - | - | + | + | + | Low |
| Abbott 2013 [16] | + | + | - | - | + | + | ? | Low |
| Villadsen 2014 [32] | + | + | - | - | + | + | + | Low |
| Kraus 2014 [28] | + | + | - | - | + | + | + | Low |
| Svege 2013/2015 [30] | + | + | - | - | + | + | + | Low |
| Teirlinck 2016 [31] | + | + | - | - | + | + | + | Low |
| Hermann 2016 [27] | + | + | - | - | + | + | ? | Low |
| Saw 2016 [29] | + | ? | - | - | ? | + | + | Moderate |
| Bieler 2016 [25] | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | Low |
| Chopp-Hurley 2017 [26] | + | + | - | - | ? | + | + | Moderate |
| Thompson 2021 [33] | + | ? | - | - | + | + | + | Low |
# Low RoB: randomization appropriate + concealed + ITT analysis; high RoB: <3 items low risk; moderate RoB: all else.