Table 3.
Clinical trials for synthetic medicines.
| Agent | Object | Dosage and duration | Treatment effect | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Melatonin | Patients undergoing CABG | 10 mg/day, P.O for 30 days | Raising Nrf2 levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. | [208] |
| CHD patients with type 2 diabetic | 10 mg/day, P.O for 12 weeks | Increasing serum GSH levels while reducing serum MDA and protein carbonyl (PCO) in CHD patients with type 2 diabetes. as well as beneficial effecting on patients’ glycemic and blood pressure control, serum hs-CRP levels, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, total cholesterol, and mental health parameters. | [209] | |
| Pioglitazone | Diabetic patient | 30 mg/day, P.O for 4 weeks | Decreasing in MDA. | [218, 219] |
| Patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetic patients who had previous myocardial infarction | – | Reducing the risk of MI and acute coronary syndrome. However, increasing the risk of the development of heart failure. | [220–222] | |
| Metformin | CHD patients without diabetes | 2000 mg/day, P.O for 12 months | Declining oxidative stress, lowering LVM, and improving blood pressure. | [227] |
| Atorvastatin | CHF patients | 20 mg/day, P.O for 4 weeks | Reducing plasma markers of oxidative stress (MDA) while improving the functional capacity assessed by 6MWT. | [228] |
| DEX | Patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement | 0.5 μg/kg/h, pumping injection, before induction of anesthesia to the end of surgery | Reducing cardiac troponin I and MDA levels and decreasing the incidence of arrhythmias. | [234, 235] |
| Patients who underwent cardiac surgery | 0.24 to 0.6 μg/kg/h, IV, after cardiopulmonary bypass and continued for <24 h postoperatively | Reducing postoperative in-hospital, 30-day and 1-year mortality. | [236] | |
| Captopril | Type 2 diabetes patients | 12.5 mg/day, P.O for 3 months | Improving the reduced plasma level of GSH. | [241] |
| Probucol | CHD patients undergoing PCI | 500 mg twice daily, IV one day before and three days after surgery | Increasing serum GSH levels. | [244] |
| Patients with CHD | 500 mg/day, P.O for 6 months | Lowering the incidence of the patient’s primary endpoint (cardiovascular disease death, hospitalization rate). | [245] |
PCO protein carbonyl, CABG coronary artery bypass grafting, CHF chronic heart failure, 6MWT 6-minute walk test, DEX dexmedetomidine, hs-CRP high-sensitivity c-reactive protein.