Table 2.
Prevalence studies of Francisella species. Based on animal and water specimens
| Authors, publication year | Performed year | Region (province) | Animal, food & water sample | Type of specimens | Sample size No |
Positive sample No (%) |
Method | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B. Pourhossein 2015 |
2013 | Sistan va Baluchestan | Animal (rodent With 48 fleas & 10 ticks) | Blood collection from the hearts of the rodents. | 9 | 1 (11.1%) )with serum titers of 1/80 ( |
Serology method | 19 |
| E. Mostafavi 2016 |
2015 | Kurdistan | Animal (rodents) | Blood & spleen tissue | 245 | 12 (4.8%) | Standard tube agglutination assay for tularemia & Bacterial culture, Microscopic examination, & Real-time PCR | 20 |
| E. Mostafavi 2018 |
2014-2015 | Northern Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Fars, Golestan, Zanjan, Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchistan, Khuzestan, Kerman and Kermanshah |
Animal (140 rodents, 17 insectivores, & 51 hares) | Spleen tissue | 208 | 5 (2.4%) (Three of 140 rodents, Two of 51 hares) |
Real-time PCR assays | 21 |
| M.Rohani 2019 |
2015 | Kurdistan, Western Azerbaijan | Natural water | Natural water | 237 | 52 (21.94%) | Cultured and the ISFtu2 real-time PCR | 22 |
| M.Hemati 2020 |
2014-2017 | Hamadan province | Animal sample (rodents) | Blood sample, spleen tissue | 407 serum sample, 433 spleen sample |
3 (0.74%) for serological test & 5 (1.15%) for molecular test | Serological test & Real-time PCR | 23 |
| H. Ahangari Cohan 2020 |
2018 | Kurdistan province | surface water | surface water | 66 | 3 (4.54%) positive for ISFtu2/1 (1.51%) positive for fopA genes. | Targeting ISFtu2 and fopA genes using TaqMan real-time PCR. | 24 |
| H. Ahangari Cohan 2021 |
2018 | Kurdistan province | Animal (289 sheep &103 cattle) | Blood sample, Spleen sample |
392 | 0 positive for agglutination titr/0 positive for ISFtu2 gene nor for fopA gene | standard tube agglutination method & real-time PCR | 17 |
| S.Esmaeili 2021 |
2016-2018 | East Azerbaijan | Animal (rodents) | Blood sample/Spleen sample | 9 | One out of nine captured rodents positive for ISFtu2 elements and fopA gene/no positive for culture and serological testing | Real-time PCR/Standard tube agglutination/culture | 18 |
| S.Esmaeili 2021 |
2016-2018 | East Azerbaijan | surface water | surface water | 6 | 1 positive for ISFtu2 elements and fopA gene. | Cultured, Real time PCR | 24 |
| Sh. Aghamohammad 2022 |
2019 | East Azerbaijan | Water, | Water sampling & internal organs of mice that inoculate with water sample | 46 | 1/46 (2.2%) positive for ISFtu2 gene from molecular analysis of the pellets obtained from washed filters, 10/46, (21.7%) positive from mice tissues, one positive sample with both ISFtu2 and fopA genes in real-time PCR |
Cultured, TaqMan real-time PCR method | 25 |
| M.Rahravani 2022 |
2020-2021 | Kurdistan province | Animal sample (small ruminants, sheep& goats) | Blood sample | 250 Sheep 232 (92.8%), Goats 18 (7.2%) |
With No positive result | The Real Time-TaqMan PCR (ISftu2 gene) | 26 |
| Animal sample (ticks) | salivary gland & sexual organ tissue | 244 | 2 (0.8%) |