Table 3.
Main characteristics of the studies included in the analysis.
| Type of study | Age (y) | Population (n) | BMI (Kg/mq) | Type of intervention | BMD (g/cm2) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Controls | Diet | Controls | Baseline | KD | ||||||
| Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | ||||||||
| Yu et al. 2022 (18) | CCT | 35 | 75 | NR | 30.5 | NR | LCKD | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Perissiou et al. 2020 (19) | RCT | 35 ± 9 | 31 | 33 | 31.2 ± 3 | 30.8 ± 4 | VLCKD and prescribed exercise for 8 weeks | 1.10 ± 0.05 | 1.12 ± 0.07 | NR | NR |
| Colica et al 2017 (20) | RCT | 45.4 ± 14.2 | VLCKD1 = 20 VLCKD2 = 20 |
NR | 30.45 ± 2.64 | NR | Two types of VLCKD (with synthetic amino acids and with placebo) for 3 weeks | 1.17 ± 0.19 | 1.19 ± 0.19 | 1.19 ± 0.18 | 1.19 ± 0.22 |
| Brinkworth et al. 2016 (21) | RCT | 51.6±6.5 | 32 | 33 | 33.7±4 | 33.2±4 | LC diet for 52 weeks | 1.26±0.10 | 1.26±0.09 | 1.22±0.09 | 1.23±0.08 |
| Foster et al. 2010 (22) | RCT | 46.2 | 153 | 154 | 36.1 | 36.1 | LC diet for 104 weeks | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Carter et al. 2006 (23) | CCT | 40.8 | 13 | 13 | 33.51 ± 11.76 | 29.03 ± 3.88 | LC diet for 12 weeks | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Jensen et al. 2001 (24) | RCT | NR | 62 | NR | 34 | NR | LCKD with or without calcium supplement | NR | NR | NR | NR |
BMD, bone mineral density; BMI, body mass index; CCT, controlled clinical trial; LC, very low carbohydrate diet; NR, not reported; RCT, randomised controlled trial; VLCKD, very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet.