TABLE 2.

Parameters affecting the regulation of macrophage function by biomaterials.

Parameter	Function
Parameters to be considered as implants
Biocompatibility	Ensure the safety of the implant Marin et al. (2020)
Cytotoxicity	Ensure the safety of the implant Diemer et al. (2021)
Immunogenicity	Ensure the safety of the implant Gao et al. (2021)
Biodegradablity	Provide proper support and space for new tissue Miao et al. (2021)
Antibacterial property	Ensure the safety of long-term implantation and assist in the treatment of possible co-infection of bone defects Wu et al. (2021)
Parameters to regulate macrophage
Degradation product	Influence macrophage phenotype and secretion Chen et al. (2014)
Pore size	Influence macrophage morphology, infiltration and polarization Tylek et al. (2020); Li et al. (2022)
Substrate stiffness	Influence macrophage migration, polarization and phagocytosis Sridharan et al. (2019)
Surface roughness	Influence macrophage attachment and polarization Wang et al. (2018)
Surface wettability	Influence macrophage phenotype and secretion Lv et al. (2018)
Material topography	Inflience macrophage attachment, morphology, polarization and secretion Chen et al. (2010)
3D structure	Influence macrophage morphology, fusion, infiltration and polarization Jiang et al. (2016). Provide a microenvironment close to the body
Material group charge	Influence macrophage polarization and osteogenic differentiation Mao et al. (2022)
Material group chirality	Influence macrophage phenotype and secretion Jiang et al. (2022)
Physical stimulation	Influence macrophage morphology, migration, polarization and secretion Hoare et al. (2016); Wosik et al. (2018)