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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet Microbe. 2023 Jan 13;4(2):e75–e83. doi: 10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00322-6

Table 1.

Participant baseline data

Intestinal colonization Nasal colonization
 Total
 (n=84)
Probiotic
(n=42)
Placebo
(n=42)
Total
(n=50)
Probiotic
(n=25)
Placebo
(n=25)
Male 39 18 (46·15%) 21 (53·85%) 23 10 (43·48%) 13 (56·52%)
Female 45 24 (53·33%) 21 (46·67%) 27 15 (55·56%) 12 (44·44%)
Average age 36·20 ± 12·95 36·19 ± 14·03 36·21 ± 11·94 34·2 ± 11·07 34·32 ± 12·31 34·08 ± 9·94
Occupation
General employee 13 7 (53·85%) 6 (46·15%) 20 7 (35·00%) 13 (65·00%)
Farmer 17 5 (29·41%) 12 (70·59%) 2 1 (50·00%) 1 (50·00%)
Federal employee 5 1 (20·00%) 4 (80·00%) 2 2 (100·00%) 0 (0·00%)
Grocer 3 0 (0·00%) 3 (100·00%) 1 1 (100·00%) 0 (0·00%)
 Healthcare worker 5 2 (40·00%) 3 (60·00%) 1 0 (0·00%) 1 (100·00%)
Student 27 18 (66·67%) 9 (33·33%) 14 8 (57·14%) 6 (42·86%)
Unemployed 9 6 (66·67%) 3 (33·33%) 7 5 (71·43%) 2 (28·57%)
Veterinarian 3 2 (66·67%) 1 (33·33%) 2 1 (50·00%) 1 (50·00%)
Business owner 2 1 (50·00%) 1 (50·00%) 1 0 (0·00%) 1 (100·00%)
Smoking
≥3 times/week 39 25 (64·10%) 14 (35·90%) 15 9 (60·00%) 6 (40·00%)
1–2 times/week 0 0 (0·00%) 0 (0·00%) 0 0 (0·00%) 0 (0·00%)
Never 45 17 (37·78%) 28 (62·22%) 35 16 (45·71%) 19 (54·29%)
Alcohol consumption
≥3 times/week 3 2 (66·67%) 1 (33·33%) 3 2 (66·67%) 1 (33·33%)
1–2 times/week 34 16 (47·06%) 18 (52·94%) 14 9 (64·29%) 5 (35·71%)
Never 47 24 (51·06%) 23 (48·94%) 33 14 (42·42%) 19 (57·58%)
Underlying condition
Allergic rhinitis 2 2 (100·00%) 0 (0·00%) 18 9 (50·00%) 9 (50·00%)
Asthma 3 1 (33·33%) 2 (66·67%) 4 2 (50·00%) 2 (50·00%)
Diabetes 2 2 (100·00%) 0 (0·00%) 0 0 (0·00%) 0 (0·00%)
Hypertension 1 0 (0·00%) 1 (100·00%) 1 1 (100·00%) 0 (0·00%)