The key parameters on eCO₂RR to CO with different SACs.

SACs	ΔE (eV)	Faraday efficiency (%)	Overpotential (V)	Max current density (mA cm−2)	TOF (h−1)	Calculation method	Ref.
FeN5	0.77	97.0	0.35	—	—	DFT	45
CoPc	−0.1	99	−0.8	—	—	DFT	1
Co–N5	0.67	99.2	−0.73	4.5	480.2	DFT	46
Ni–N3–C	0.66	95.6	−0.65	6.64	1425	DFT	47
Fe–N4	0.94	86.5	−0.75	5	—	DFT	7
Pd–N4	—	55	−0.5	—	—	DFT	48
Cu–N4–NG	1.28	80.6	−1	—	—	DFT	49
Zn SAs/N–C	∼0.6	94.7	0.33	121.5	8190	DFT	50
ZnO@ZIF-NiZn	—	98	−1	34.3	9366	DFT	51
Cu–N4	−0.9	96	−0.7	—	—	DFT	52
N–C–CoPc NR	−0.34	85.3	−0.7	30(0.18 V)	—	DFT	53
Co@Pc/C	0.89	84	−0.9	28	—	DFT	54
SA-Fe/NG	∼0.5	97	−0.5	—	—	DFT	55
Fe–N4	0.29	94	0.58	4.59(−0.58 V)	1630	DFT	56
Fe–N/CNF	—	95	−0.53	4.71	3104	DFT	57
F-CPC	—	88.3	−1	37.5	—	DFT	58
Ni–N4	0.89	98	−0.5	35.9(−1.35 V)	—	DFT	59
Ni/Fe–N–C	0.47	98	−0.7	23.7(−1.0 V)	7682	DFT	60
Ni–NG	0.12	95	0.55	50	2100	DFT	61
Ni–N–C	∼1.7	85	−1	200	—	DFT	62
Ni–SA–NCs	—	99	−0.8	50(−1.0 V)	—	DFT	63
Ni@NC-900	—	96	−1	−17	—	DFT	64
Ni–N@NPC	1.53	98.44	0.67	30.96	2825	DFT	65
NiPc–OMe	∼0.4	99.5	−0.61	−150	—	DFT	66