Fig. 5.

Results of generalised additive models for illicit drug price, perceived availability, and perceived purity.

Notes. Estimates represent the coefficient for each level of the ‘COVID-19’ variable (i.e., years 2020-2022), compared to the underlying pre-COVID trend 2014-2019. Coefficients were estimated using generalized additive models. For availability and purity, coefficients are plotted on the log scale. Exact values for coefficients and corresponding confidence intervals are provided in Appendix G.