Table 2.

Weighted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the association between coffee, caffeinated coffee, and decaffeinated coffee consumption and frailty.

Variable	Frailty
	Case/participants	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Total coffee consumption (g/day)
0	716/2,195	ref	ref	ref
0–270.5	632/1,967	0.99 (0.83, 1.19)	0.91 (0.75, 1.10)	0.87 (0.70, 1.07)
270.5–498.9	582/1,961	0.88 (0.74, 1.03)	0.81 (0.68,0.96)*	0.80 (0.64, 0.99)*
>498.9	528/1,964	0.66 (0.55, 0.78)**	0.68 (0.56, 0.81)**	0.65 (0.52, 0.79)**
P for trend		<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
Caffeinated coffee consumption (g/day)
0	1,017/3,104	ref	ref	ref
0–253.3	526/1,665	1.04 (0.89, 1.23)	1.00 (0.84, 1.18)	0.96 (0.80, 1.16)
253.3–488.4	474/1,669	0.83 (0.72, 0.96)*	0.81 (0.70, 0.94)*	0.84 (0.69, 1.02)
>488.4	441/1,649	0.66 (0.56, 0.79)**	0.72 (0.60, 0.85)**	0.68 (0.54, 0.85)**
P for trend		<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
Decaffeinated coffee consumption (g/day)
0	1,978/6,593	ref	ref	ref
>0	480/1,494	1.00 (0.83, 1.21)	0.89 (0.74, 1.07)	0.87 (0.71, 1.06)
P for trend		0.98	0.22	0.16

Model 1: crude model; Model 2: adjust for age and sex; Model 3: adjust for age, sex, ethnicity, educational level, marital status, poverty-to-income ratio, BMI, smoking status, total energy intake, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, physical activity.

^*p < 0.05.

^**p < 0.01.