TABLE 4.
Consumption of nutrients according to FFP (5 days) in the week before starting the intervention (week 0) and during the last week of the intervention (week 3) expressed as median and IQR (n = 32).
| Nutrients | Week | Roasted oat flakes (A) | Roasted barley flakes (B) | Traditional oat flakes (C) | Traditional barley flakes (D) | Control | P treatment effect# | ||||||||||
| (n = 32) | Median/IQR | p * | ♢ | Median/IQR | p * | ♢ | Median/IQR | p * | ♢ | Median/IQR | p * | ♢ | Median/IQR | p * | ♢ | ||
| Energy [kcal] | 0 | 2,108/824 | 2,100/573 | 2,065/856 | 1,978/778 | 1,962/801 | n.s. | ||||||||||
| 3 | 2,135/871 | n.s. | a | 2,075/713 | n.s. | a | 2,088/841 | n.s. | a | 2,101/680 | ≤0.05 | a | 2,298/865 | ≤0.001 | a | ||
| Dietary fiber [g] | 0 | 24.3/12.5 | 22.4/10.9 | 23.2/11.7 | 24.5/14.1 | 23.3/9.3 | n.s. | ||||||||||
| 3 | 29.0/8.6 | ≤0.001 | a | 27.2/12.1 | ≤0.05 | a | 29.6/11.5 | ≤0.05 | a | 28.1/8.5 | ≤0.001 | a | 23.2/11.5 | n.s. | a | ||
| Protein [g] | 0 | 80.3/36.8 | 80.6/37.1 | 81.2/31.8 | 75.2/33.5 | 81.6/34.5 | n.s. | ||||||||||
| 3 | 82.8/26.2 | n.s. | a | 76.6/31.3 | n.s. | a | 92.1/29.4 | n.s. | a | 79.3/33.3 | n.s. | a | 87.7/44.7 | n.s. | a | ||
| Carbohydrate [g] | 0 | 220.2/100.4 | 206.7/66.1 | 211.0/112.8 | 219.0/82.4 | 219.9/91.7 | n.s. | ||||||||||
| 3 | 242.6/83.7 | n.s. | a | 234.5/73.1 | ≤0.05 | a | 237.5/115.9 | n.s. | a | 259.5/73.1 | ≤0.001 | a | 256.7/116.4 | ≤0.001 | a | ||
| Fat [g] | 0 | 79.5/35.8 | 79.9/29.6 | 78.4/28.6 | 68.5/31.7 | 70.4/35.1 | ≤0.05 | ||||||||||
| 3 | 74.3/38.5 | n.s. | a, b | 67.8/32.7 | n.s. | a | 77.1/32.7 | n.s. | a, b | 68.8/38.4 | n.s. | a, b | 82.5/47.2 | ≤0.01 | b | ||
| Oleic acid [g] | 0 | 23.6/11.8 | 25.4/10.9 | 23.2/9.8 | 21.4/11.4 | 21.9/13.8 | ≤0.05 | ||||||||||
| 3 | 21.9/12.6 | n.s. | a, b | 21.3/11.1 | n.s. | a | 23.6/11.2 | n.s. | a, b | 21.3/12.4 | n.s. | a, b | 24.9/17.1 | ≤0.05 | b | ||
| Linolenic acid [g] | 0 | 1.3/0.9 | 1.2/0.6 | 1.1/0.7 | 1.2/0.5 | 1.1/0.7 | n.s. | ||||||||||
| 3 | 1.1/0.9 | n.s. | a | 1.0/0.8 | n.s. | a | 1.0/0.6 | n.s. | a | 1.0/0.5 | n.s. | a | 1.2/0.8 | n.s. | a | ||
| Linoleic acid [g] | 0 | 11.4/3.7 | 10.4/6.7 | 10.7/6.1 | 9.9/5.4 | 8.5/6.3 | n.s. | ||||||||||
| 3 | 9.3/5.4 | n.s. | a | 8.6/5.4 | n.s. | a | 10.5/5.3 | n.s. | a | 7.8/5.1 | n.s. | a | 10.3/6.1 | n.s. | a | ||
| Eicosapentaenoic acid [g] | 0 | 600/90 | 70/280 | 40/200 | 60/260 | 60/350 | n.s. | ||||||||||
| 3 | 110/340 | n.s. | a | 60/140 | n.s. | a | 120/290 | n.s. | a | 110/260 | n.s. | a | 150/250 | n.s. | a | ||
| Docosapentaenoic acid [g] | 0 | 30/60 | 30/90 | 20/40 | 40/70 | 20/50 | n.s. | ||||||||||
| 3 | 30/60 | n.s. | a | 30/60 | n.s. | a | 30/50 | n.s. | a | 20/40 | n.s. | a | 30/50 | n.s. | a | ||
| Docosahexaenoic acid [g] | 0 | 150/190 | 180/310 | 120/170 | 160/220 | 130/340 | n.s. | ||||||||||
| 3 | 170/290 | n.s. | a | 130/200 | n.s. | a | 160/210 | n.s. | a | 130/150 | n.s. | a | 160/190 | n.s. | a | ||
| SFA [g] | 0 | 30.2/20.5 | 30.5/13.0 | 32.3/12.4 | 29.5/11.8 | 27.8/18.6 | ≤0.01 | ||||||||||
| 3 | 31.1/14.3 | n.s. | a | 30.1/15.0 | n.s. | a | 29.4/13.8 | n.s. | a | 27.9/17.2 | n.s. | a, b | 33.7/16.7 | ≤0.001 | b | ||
| MUFA [g] | 0 | 26.0/13.2 | 28.7/11.1 | 25.9/14.5 | 23.4/11.6 | 24.1/16.1 | ≤0.05 | ||||||||||
| 3 | 24.6/14.3 | n.s. | a, b | 24.8/12.2 | n.s. | a | 27.2/10.9 | n.s. | a, b | 24.5/12.8 | n.s. | a, b | 28.6/18.4 | ≤0.05 | b | ||
| PUFA [g] | 0 | 13.8/5.1 | 12.2/6.6 | 12.7/7.5 | 12.3/7.2 | 10.5/6.7 | n.s. | ||||||||||
| 3 | 11.6/5.5 | n.s. | a | 10.9/6.0 | n.s. | a | 13.2/5.9 | n.s. | a | 9.7/8.4 | n.s. | a | 13.2/7.2 | n.s. | a | ||
| Minerals [g] | 0 | 19.1/5.8 | 18.2/5.1 | 17.6/6.0 | 16.9/6.2 | 17.3/6.0 | n.s. | ||||||||||
| 3 | 17.2/5.1 | n.s. | a | 17.5/7.4 | n.s. | a | 17.6/6.4 | n.s. | a | 16.2/7.2 | n.s. | a | 19.5/6.0 | ≤0.05 | a | ||
| Potassium [mg] | 0 | 3,021/959 | 3,422/1,279 | 3,170/1,356 | 3,231/1,363 | 3,297/1,229 | n.s. | ||||||||||
| 3 | 3,743/1,400 | ≤0.01 | a | 3,025/993 | n.s. | a | 3,557/1,509 | ≤0.05 | a | 3,178/1,113 | n.s. | a | 3,397/2,174 | n.s. | a | ||
| Magnesium [mg] | 0 | 344.2/134.6 | 343.8/102.8 | 350.4/166.1 | 352.3/143.7 | 329.8/123.5 | n.s. | ||||||||||
| 3 | 437.1/97.6 | ≤0.001 | a | 370.7/118.3 | n.s. | a | 429.5/127.2 | ≤0.01 | a | 376.8/120.3 | ≤0.05 | a | 336.7/189.2 | n.s. | a | ||
| Sodium [mg] | 0 | 2,365/978 | 2,032/820 | 1,981/934 | 1,932/1,061 | 2,252/1,415 | ≤0.01 | ||||||||||
| 3 | 1,983/1,232 | ≤0.01 | a | 1,782/1,040 | n.s. | a, b | 1,786/955 | n.s. | a, b | 1,844/1,014 | n.s. | a, b | 2,376/942 | ≤0.05 | b | ||
| Cholesterol [mg] | 0 | 355.7/257.4 | 315.8/155.9 | 309.1/224.9 | 300.5/162.7 | 277.4/173.3 | ≤0.05 | ||||||||||
| 3 | 279.8/180.2 | ≤0.05 | a | 291.6/216.7 | n.s. | a | 236.0/150.8 | ≤0.05 | a | 281.8/247.7 | n.s. | a | 316.9/228.5 | n.s. | a | ||
| Vitamin B12 [μg] | 0 | 4.5/2.8 | 4.5/3.2 | 3.6/2.7 | 4.8/3.3 | 4.8/2.9 | n.s. | ||||||||||
| 3 | 4.9/3.1 | n.s. | a | 4.5/3.6 | n.s. | a | 5.1/3.5 | ≤0.05 | a | 5.0/3.5 | n.s. | a | 5.1/3.8 | n.s. | a | ||
*Significance of comparing week 0 and week 3 within the same group as determined by Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
♢Interventions without a common letter are significantly different by Tukey’s test, p ≤ 0.05.
#Significance of main effect of treatment by mixed model with random intercept. MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; n.s., not significant (p > 0.05); PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFA, saturated fatty acids.