TABLE 6.
Fasting biochemical parameters at baseline (week 0) and at the end of the intervention periods (week 3) expressed as median and IQR (n = 32).
| Biochemical parameters | Week | Roasted oat flakes (A) | Roasted barley flakes (B) | Traditional oat flakes (C) | Traditional barley flakes (D) | Control (K) | P treatment effect# | |||||||||||
| (n = 32) | Median/IQR | p * | ♢ | Median/IQR | p * | ♢ | Median/IQR | p * | ♢ | Median/IQR | p * | ♢ | Median/IQR | p * | ♢ | |||
| Blood lipids | ||||||||||||||||||
| TC [mmol/l] | 0 | 5.78/1.29 | 6.03/1.17 | 5.77/0.79 | 5.70/1.11 | 5.82/1.41 | ≤0.001 | |||||||||||
| 3 | 5.67/1.22 | ≤0.01 | 5.72/1.05 | ≤0.05 | 5.74/0.79 | ≤0.01 | 5.65/1.39 | ≤0.01 | 5.96/0.99 | ≤0.05 | ||||||||
| Change from baseline [%] | −6.6/11.8 | a | −3.6/8.5 | a | −4.0/11.5 | a | −4.90/10.8 | a | 3.90/9.6 | b | ||||||||
| HDL cholesterol [mmol/l] | 0 | 1.48/0.57 | 1.42/0.49 | 1.51/0.65 | 1.40/0.56 | 1.44/0.62 | ≤0.001 | |||||||||||
| 3 | 1.38/0.69 | n.s. | 1.41/0.49 | ≤0.001 | 1.50/0.62 | n.s. | 1.42/0.59 | ≤0.05 | 1.47/0.60 | ≤0.05 | ||||||||
| Change from baseline [%] | −3.0/10.8 | a | −5.3/9.5 | a | −1.8/10.4 | a, b | −4.8/14.9 | a | 3.7/11.5 | b | ||||||||
| LDL cholesterol [mmol/l] | 0 | 3.74/1.06 | 4.00/1.39 | 3.77/1.05 | 3.65/1.15 | 3.84/1.10 | ≤0.01 | |||||||||||
| 3 | 3.51/0.93 | ≤0.01 | 3.59/1.05 | ≤0.01 | 3.59/1.05 | ≤0.05 | 3.52/1.12 | ≤0.01 | 3.77/0.95 | n.s. | ||||||||
| Change from baseline [%] | −9.10/11.6 | a | −4.40/12.2 | a | −5.60/12.1 | a | −6.90/10.4 | a | 2.60/14.1 | b | ||||||||
| Triglycerides [mmol/l] | 0 | 1.10/0.48 | 1.07/0.60 | 1.16/0.58 | 1.12/0.65 | 1.17/0.55 | n.s. | |||||||||||
| 3 | 1.08/0.66 | n.s. | 1.21/0.53 | n.s. | 1.19/0.64 | n.s. | 1.13/0.68 | n.s. | 1.25/0.72 | n.s. | ||||||||
| Change from baseline [%] | 0.0/32.8 | a | 9.1/45.3 | a | 0.1/44.9 | a | 3.8/23.9 | a | 11.3/32.8 | a | ||||||||
| Diabetes risk | ||||||||||||||||||
| Glucose [mmol/l] | 0 | 5.60/0.67 | 5.50/0.73 | 5.60/0.70 | 5.55/0.55 | 5.50/0.60 | n.s. | |||||||||||
| 3 | 5.50/0.70 | n.s. | 5.54/0.62 | n.s. | 5.40/0.32 | ≤0.1 | 5.50/0.62 | n.s. | 5.40/1.00 | n.s. | ||||||||
| Change from baseline [%] | 0.0/7.1 | a | 0.0/6.8 | a | −2.5/9.3 | a | −1.8/9.5 | a | −1.8/7.5 | a | ||||||||
| Insulin [mU/l] | 0 | 5.95/4.02 | 6.20/4.93 | 6.35/3.50 | 5.70/4.25 | 6.70/4.23 | n.s. | |||||||||||
| 3 | 7.20/4.18 | n.s. | 6.15/3.68 | n.s. | 6.60/3.62 | n.s. | 6.15/4.93 | n.s. | 6.65/4.12 | n.s. | ||||||||
| Change from baseline [%] | 2.9/38.7 | a | −4.1/78.5 | a | 4.1/44.2 | a | 1.9/57.4 | a | −7.5/56.5 | a | ||||||||
| HbA1c [%] | 0 | 5.40/0.40 | 5.40/0.42 | 5.50/0.42 | 5.45/0.40 | 5.35/0.30 | n.s. | |||||||||||
| 3 | 5.50/0.40 | n.s. | 5.50/0.42 | n.s. | 5.40/0.42 | n.s. | 5.40/0.33 | n.s. | 5.30/0.40 | n.s. | ||||||||
| Change from baseline [%] | 0.0/3.7 | a | 0.0/1.9 | a | 0.0/1.8 | a | 0.0/1.8 | a | 0.0/1.9 | a | ||||||||
| HOMA-IR | 0 | 1.58/1.17 | 1.44/1.22 | 1.60/1.01 | 1.42/1.22 | 1.67/1.18 | n.s. | |||||||||||
| 3 | 1.77/1.38 | n.s. | 1.54/0.94 | n.s. | 1.64/0.88 | n.s. | 1.48/1.25 | n.s. | 1.66/1.30 | n.s. | ||||||||
| Change from baseline [%] | −0.5/40.4 | a | −3.4/92.4 | a | 1.5/43.2 | a | 0.9/65.8 | a | −8.8/59.5 | a | ||||||||
| Inflammation | ||||||||||||||||||
| High sensitive C-reactive protein [mg/l] | 0 | 0.85/1.07 | 0.75/0.92 | 1.00/1.03 | 0.80/1.45 | 0.80/1.05 | n.s. | |||||||||||
| 3 | 0.80/1.00 | n.s. | 1.00/1.15 | n.s. | 0.75/1.25 | n.s. | 0.80/1.02 | n.s. | 1.10/0.90 | n.s. | ||||||||
| Change from baseline [%] | 0.0/35.8 | a | 7.0/67.5 | a | 0.0/54.4 | a | 0.0/42.2 | a | 0.0/23.6 | a | ||||||||
| Immune and clotting system | ||||||||||||||||||
| Leucocytes [Gpt/l] | 0 | 5.10/1.75 | 4.95/1.50 | 4.95/1.90 | 5.40/1.30 | 5.10/1.62 | ≤0.05 | |||||||||||
| 3 | 5.20/1.88 | n.s. | 5.00/2.00 | n.s. | 5.05/1.58 | n.s. | 4.85/1.88 | ≤0.05 | 4.95/2.02 | n.s. | ||||||||
| Change from baseline [%] | 1.7/23.2 | a, b | 0.0/20.5 | a | 1.8/22.1 | a, b | −7.2/19.0 | b | 2.1/15.7 | a, b | ||||||||
| Thrombocytes [Gpt/l] | 0 | 245.0/63.5 | 245.0/63.3 | 248.5/51.8 | 245.5/61.8 | 242.0/71.3 | n.s. | |||||||||||
| 3 | 245.5/75.0 | n.s. | 241.0/53.0 | n.s. | 239.0/82.3 | n.s. | 243.0/71.0 | ≤0.01 | 236.5/49.5 | n.s. | ||||||||
| Change from baseline [%] | 1.2/15.5 | a | −1.0/13.8 | a | 1.0/11.6 | a | −4.5/9.1 | a | −1.8/10.7 | a | ||||||||
| Erythrocytes [Tpt/l] | 0 | 4.60/0.60 | 4.70/0.50 | 4.70/0.50 | 4.70/0.50 | 4.60/0.60 | n.s. | |||||||||||
| 3 | 4.60/0.60 | n.s. | 4.65/0.50 | n.s. | 4.65/0.53 | n.s. | 4.70/0.52 | n.s. | 4.70/0.50 | ≤0.05 | ||||||||
| Change from baseline [%] | −1.9/7.7 | a | 0.0/6.3 | a | 0.0/6.2 | a | −2.1/7.7 | a | 2.2/5.8 | a | ||||||||
| Hematocrit [%] | 0 | 0.40/0.03 | 0.40/0.05 | 0.40/0.05 | 0.40/0.04 | 0.40/0.05 | n.s. | |||||||||||
| 3 | 0.39/0.03 | n.s. | 0.41/0.03 | n.s. | 0.40/0.04 | n.s. | 0.40/0.04 | ≤0.05 | 0.39/0.03 | ≤0.05 | ||||||||
| Change from baseline [%] | 0.0/7.1 | a, b | 0.0/5.2 | a, b | 0.0/6.1 | a, b | −2.4/7.5 | a | 1.1/4.8 | b | ||||||||
| MCH [fmol] | 0 | 1.79/0.11 | 1.79/0.11 | 1.80/0.10 | 1.79/0.12 | 1.81/0.11 | n.s. | |||||||||||
| 3 | 1.81/0.11 | n.s. | 1.79/0.12 | n.s. | 1.80/0.11 | ≤0.1 | 1.81/0.10 | n.s. | 1.79/0.12 | n.s. | ||||||||
| Change from baseline [%] | 0.6/1.9 | a | 0.0/2.9 | a | −0.3/1.8 | a | 0.5/1.8 | a | −0.5/2.0 | a | ||||||||
| MCHC [mmol/l] | 0 | 20.80/0.95 | 21.00/0.92 | 21.00/0.60 | 20.90/0.83 | 20.90/0.73 | n.s. | |||||||||||
| 3 | 21.10/0.97 | n.s. | 20.90/0.70 | n.s. | 20.80/0.82 | n.s. | 21.10/0.70 | n.s. | 20.95/0.72 | n.s. | ||||||||
| Change from baseline [%] | 0.5/1.9 | a | −0.2/3.1 | a | 0.0/2.2 | a | 0.0/2.5 | a | 0.0/2.5 | a | ||||||||
| MCV [fl] | 0 | 86.00/5.50 | 85.00/5.25 | 86.00/6.00 | 86.50/6.25 | 86.00/6.00 | n.s. | |||||||||||
| 3 | 85.50/5.25 | n.s. | 85.50/6.25 | n.s. | 85.00/7.00 | n.s. | 86.00/6.00 | n.s. | 85.50/6.00 | n.s. | ||||||||
| Change from baseline [%] | 0.0/2.3 | a | 0.0/1.4 | a | 0.0/1.2 | a | 0.0/2.4 | a | 0.0/2.7 | a | ||||||||
| RDW [%] | 0 | 12.90/0.95 | 12.90/0.65 | 13.00/0.80 | 12.75/0.72 | 13.10/0.65 | ≤0.05 | |||||||||||
| 3 | 12.85/0.85 | n.s. | 12.85/0.80 | ≤0.05 | 12.80/0.90 | ≤0.1 | 12.95/0.83 | ≤0.05 | 13.10/0.67 | n.s. | ||||||||
| Change from baseline [%] | 0.0/3.1 | a, b | −0.8/3.1 | a | −0.8/1.8 | a, b | 0.8/3.4 | b | 0.0/2.0 | a, b | ||||||||
| Hemoglobin [mmol/l] | 0 | 8.30/0.95 | 8.45/ 0.78 |
8.35/1.03 | 8.45/0.83 | 8.25/0.98 | n.s. | |||||||||||
| 3 | 8.20/0.80 | n.s. | 8.40/0.85 | n.s. | 8.40/1.08 | n.s. | 8.20/1.00 | ≤0.05 | 8.30/0.92 | ≤0.1 | ||||||||
| Change from baseline [%] | 0.0/6.2 | a | −1.1/6.9 | a | −1.1/5.9 | a | −2.4/7.5 | a | 1.2/4.5 | a | ||||||||
*Significance of comparing week 0 and week 3 within the same group as determined by Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
♢Interventions without a common letter are significantly different by Tukey’s test, p ≤ 0.05.
#Significance of main effect of treatment by mixed model with random intercept.
HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; MCV, mean cell volume; n.s., not significant (p > 0.05); RDW, red blood cell distribution width; TC, total cholesterol.