Figure 3.

Molecular mechanisms of TGF-β signalling pathway involved in lncRNAs in lung and other cancer types. Oncogenic lncRNAs in lung cancer and other types of cancer activate the TGF-β signalling pathway primarily by degrading and activating the three major targets of the SMAD2, SMAD3 and SMAD7, while certain lncRNAs may directly regulate TGF-β as well as TGFβR-I and TGFβR-II, thereby affecting tumorigenesis. lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; miR, microRNA; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β; TGFβR-I/II, TGF-β receptor type I/II.