Table I.
lncRNAs associated with the TGF-β signalling pathway in cancer.
| First author, year | lncRNA | Cancer type | Expression pattern | Interaction with TGF-β signalling | Cancer phenotype | Molecular mechanism | (Refs.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wang et al, 2019 | SNHG6 | CRC | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation, invasion and migration | lncRNA SNHG6↑, UPF1 (protein)↓, SMAD2/3↑ | (51) |
| Javanmard et al, 2020 | LOC646329 | CRC | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation | lncRNA LOC646329↑, miR-29b-1↓, SMAD2/3↑ | (52) |
| Zhan et al, 2020 | LNC00858 | CRC | ↑ | Repression | Inhibits proliferation, promotes apoptosis | lnc00858↑, miR-25-3p↓, SMAD7↑ | (53) |
| Li et al, 2021 | CTBP1-AS2 | CRC | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation and invasion, inhibits apoptosis | LINCRNA CTBP1-AS2↑, miR-93-5p↓, TGF-β/SMAD2/3↑ | (54) |
| Shen et al, 2020 | TUG1 | CRC | ↑ | Activation | Promotes metastasis | TGF-β↑, lncRNA TUG1↑, TWIST1↑ | (11) |
| Wu et al, 2021 | LNC00941 | CRC | ↑ | Activation | Promotes EMT | lnc00941↑, SMAD4↑, TGF-β/SMAD2/3↑ | (49) |
| Luo et al, 2019 | CASC9 | CRC | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation, inhibits apoptosis | LINCRNA CASC9↑, TGF-β2/TERT↑, SMAD3↑ | (55) |
| Huang et al, 2020 | LINC01278 | HCC | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion | LINC01278↑, miR-1258↓, SMAD2/3↑ | (58) |
| Wu et al, 2021; Li et al, 2018 | SBF2-AS1 | HCC | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion | LINCRNA SBF2-AS1↓, miR-361-5p↑, TGF-β1↑, LINCRNA SBF2-AS1 ↑, miR-140-5p↓, TGFβR-I↑ | (59,60) |
| Li et al, 2019 | SNAI3-AS1 | HCC | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion | LINCRNA SNAI3-AS1↑, UPF1↑, SMAD7↑ | (61) |
| Yang et al, 2019 | NORAD | HCC | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion | LINCRNA NORAD↑, miR-202-5p↓, SMAD2/3↑ | (62) |
| Hu et al, 2018 | UCA1 | HCC | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation | TGFβ↑, UCA1↑, HXK2↑ | (63) |
| Dong et al, 2019 | MEG3 | HCC | ↑ | Suppression | Inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion | MEG3↑, TGFβ1↓ | (64) |
| Chen et al, 2022 | LNC00261 | HCC | ↑ | Suppression | Inhibits EMT and stem cell-like features | TGF-β1↑, LINC00261↓, SMAD3↓ | (65) |
| Zhang et al, 2019 | LNCRNA 34a | HCC | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation | LNC34a↑, miR34a↓, SMAD4↑ | (66) |
| Wang et al, 2020 | NNT-AS1 | HCC | ↑ | Activation | Promotes CD4+ T cell infiltration | LINCRNA-NNT-AS1↑, TGF-β, TGFβR-I, SMAD5↑ | (67) |
| Zhang et al, 2021 | LNC00665 | GC | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation, invasion, and metastasis | LINC00665↑, TGF-β1, SMAD2, α-SMA↑ | (71) |
| Fu et al, 2018 | LNC00978 | GC | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation, invasion and metastasis, induces apoptosis | LINC00978↑, TGF-β/SMAD2↑ | (72) |
| Xiong et al, 2015 | POU3F3 | GC | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation | LINCRNA POU3F3↑, TGFβ/SMAD2/3↑ | (74) |
| Huang et al, 2021 | SGO1-AS1 | GC | ↑ | Suppression | Inhibits EMT and metastasis | LINCRNA SGO1-AS1↓, PTBP1↑, TGFβR-I/II↓, ZEB1↑ | (75) |
| Sakai et al, 2019 | ELIT-1 | GC | ↑ | Activation | Promotes EMT progression | LINCRNA ELIT-1↑, TGFβ/SMAD3↑ | (76) |
| Su et al, 2022 | MBNL1-AS1 | GC | ↓ | Suppression | Inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion | LINCRNA MBNL1-AS1↓, miR-424-5p↑, SMAD7↓ | (77) |
| Zhang et al, 2019 | CASC2 | Breast | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation and metastasis | LINCRNA CASC2↓, TGFβ/SMAD2↑ | (81) |
| Wu et al, 2017 | CCAT2 | Breast | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation and metastasis | LINCRNA CCAT2↑, TGFβ/SMAD2↑ | (82) |
| Hou et al, 2018 | ROR | Breast | ↑ | Activation | Promotes growth, migration, and invasion | LINCRNA ROR↑, TGFβ/SMAD2↑ | (83) |
| Wang et al, 2021 | ARHGAP5-AS1 | Breast | ↑ | Suppression | Inhibits migration | LINCRNA ARHGAP5-AS1↑, SMAD7↑ | (84) |
| Ni et al, 2021 | ADAMTS9-AS2 | Breast | ↑ | Suppression | Inhibits tumor growth, promotes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest | LINCRNA ADAMTS9-AS2↑, RPL22↑, SMAD2↓ | (85) |
| Mota et al, 2018 | UCA1 | Breast | ↑ | Activation | Promotes aerobic glycolysis | MERLIN↓, SMAD2/3↑, UCA1↑ | (86) |
| Bo et al, 2021 | LNC00467 | Breast | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation and metastasis | LINC00467↑, miR-23b-5p↓, TGF-β2↑ | (87) |
| Zhang et al, 2018 | LNC00894-002 | Breast | ↑ | Activation | Promotes the development of tamoxifen resistance | lnc00894-002↑, miR-200a/b-3p↑, TGF-β↓, ZEB1↑ | (88) |
| Tang et al, 2020 | DCST1-AS1 | Breast | ↑ | Activation | Promotes EMT and chemoresistance | DCST1-AS1↑, ANXA1↑, TGF-β/SMAD2↑ | (89) |
| Ren et al, 2018 | HOTAIR | Breast | ↑ | Activation | Inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion | HOTAIR↑, SMAD2/3/4↑ | (90) |
| Wang et al, 2018 | ANCR | Lung | ↑ | Suppression | Inhibits migration and invasion | LINCRNA ANCR↑, TGF-β1↓ | (93) |
| Su et al, 2018 | GASL1 | Lung | ↑ | Suppression | Inhibits tumor growth | LINCRNA GASL1↑, TGF-β1↓ | (94) |
| Lu et al, 2017 | NKILA | Lung | ↓ | Suppression | Inhibits migration and invasion | TGF-β↑, LINCRNA NKILA↑, NF-κB↓ | (95) |
| Xu et al, 2021 | SMASR | Lung | ↑ | Suppression | Inhibits migration and invasion | TGF-β↑, SMAD2/3↑, SMASR↓, TGFBR-I↓ | (96) |
| Wang et al, 2018 | XIST | Lung | ↑ | Suppression | Inhibits proliferation and EMT | LINCRNA XIST↑, miR-137↓, TGF-β1↑ | (97) |
| Ni et al, 2021 | SOX2OT | Lung | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation and metastasis | LINCRNA SOX2OT↑, miR-194-5p↓, RAC1↑, TGF-β↑ | (98) |
| Shi et al, 2020 | SNHG3 | Lung | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation and migration | E2F1↑, LINCRNA SNHG3↑, TGF-β↑ | (99) |
| Zhu et al, 2022 | LNC01232 | Lung | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation and migration | FOXP3↑, LINC0123↑, IGF2BP2↑, TGFβR-I (mRNA)↑ | (100) |
| Lu et al, 2018 | TBILA | Lung | ↑ | Activation | Enhances the pro-survival pathway | TGFβ↑, TBILA↑, HGAL↑, RhoA↑ | (101) |
| Jiang et al, 2019 | HCP5 | Lung | ↑ | Activation | Promotes tumor growth and metastasis | TGF-β/SMAD3↑, LINCRNA HCP5↑, miR-203↓, SNAI↑ | (102) |
| Zhang et al, 2018 | LINP1 | Lung | ↓ | Suppression | Inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion | TGFβ1↓, LNCRNA LINP1↓ | (9) |
| Chen et al, 2020 | FOXD3-AS1 | Thyroid | ↑ | Suppression | Inhibits proliferation and migration | lncRNA FOXD3-AS1↓, miR-296-5p↑, TGF-β1/SMADs↑ | (103) |
| Zhao et al, 2016 | ANRIL | Thyroid | ↑ | Suppression | Promoting invasion and metastasis | lncRNA ANRIL↓, TGF-β/SMADs↓, p15INK4B↓ | (104) |
| Zhou et al, 2018 | SPRY4-IT1 | Thyroid | ↑ | Suppression | Inhibits proliferation and migration | lncRNA SPRY4-IT1↑, TGF-β/SMAD↑ | (105) |
| Ju et al, 2019 | NEF | Cervical | ↑ | Suppression | Inhibits migration and invasion | LNCRNA NEF↑, TGF-β1↓ | (106) |
| Cao et al, 2019 | DANCR | Cervical | ↑ | Suppression | Inhibits migration and invasion | LNCRNA DANCR↑, miR-665↓, TGFβR-I↑, ERK/SMAD↑ | (107) |
| Feng et al, 2019 | CTS | Cervical | ↑ | Activation | Promotes migration and invasion | LNCRNA CTS↑, miR-505↓, ZEB2↑, TGF-β/SMAD↑ | (108) |
| Mao et al, 2021 | ANRIL | Lymphoma | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation, inhibits apoptosis | lncRNA ANRIL↓, TGF-β1↑ | (109) |
| Li et al, 2018 | UCA1 | Glioma | ↑ | Activation | Promotes EMT and stemness | UCA1↑, miR-1↓, miR-203a↓, slug↑-TGF-β↑ | (110) |
| Li et al, 2022 | PVT1 | Glioma | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation, migration, invasion | P53↑, LINCRNA PVT1↓, TGF-β/SMAD↓ | (111) |
| Ma et al, 2021 | MIR210HG | Endometrial | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT | LINCRNA MIR210HG↑, miR-337-3p/137↓, HMGA2↑, TGF-β/SMAD3↑ | (112) |
| Weng et al, 2021 | SNHG16 | Prostate | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation and migration | lncRNA SNHG16↑, miR-373-3p↓, TGFβR-II↑ | (113) |
| Zhang et al, 2018 | PVT1 | Pancreatic | ↑ | Activation | Promotes survival, adhesion, migration and invasion | lncRNA PVT1↑, TGF-β/SMAD↑ | (114) |
| Papoutsoglou et al, 2021 | MIR100HG | Pancreatic | ↑ | Activation | Promotes EMT and stemness | TGFβ↑, MIR100HG↑ | (115) |
| Zhou et al, 2018 | LNC00462 | Pancreatic | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation and migration | lnc00462↑, miR-665↓, TGFβR-I/TGFβR-II↑, SMAD2/3↑ | (116) |
| Wu et al, 2021 | PVT1 | Ovarian | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation, inhibits apoptosis | LINCRNA PVT1↑, miR-148a-3p↓, AGO1↑, TGF-β↑ | (117) |
| Huang et al, 2020 | DANCR | Ovarian | ↑ | Activation | Promotes viability, migration, and invasion | LINCRNA DANCR↑, miR-214↓, TGF-β↑ | (118) |
| Shi et al, 2021 | LINC01451 | Bladder | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation, invasion, and metastasis | LINC01451↑, LIN28↑, TGF-β/SMAD↑ | (119) |
| Zhuang et al, 2017 | LET | Bladder | ↑ | Activation | Promotes chemoresistance | TGFβ1↑, LINCRNA-LET↑, NF90↑, miR-145↓ | (120) |
| Zheng et al, 2021 | LINC00174 | Osteosarcoma | ↑ | Activation | Promotes proliferation, invasion, and metastasis | LINC00174↑, miR-378a-3p↓, SSH2↑, TGF-β/SMAD↑ | (121) |
↓, downregulation; ↑, upregulation; CRC, colorectal cancer; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; GC, gastric cancer; HCC, heptocellular carcinoma; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; miR, microRNA; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β; TGFβR-I/II, TGF-β receptor type I/II.