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The RANK-RANKL-OPG system in bone remodeling. Factors secreted by the inflamed mucosa, such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α, stimulate the expression of RANKL, thereby inducing osteoclast formation indirectly [25]
PTH, parathormone; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; TGF, transforming growth factor; M-CSF, macrophage colony stimulating factor; OPG, osteoprotegerin; RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-κB; RANKL, receptor activator of NF-kB ligand
