Table 5.
Multiple regressions predicting self-rated memory failures (MFE score), with months since COVID-19 onset, symptoms of anxiety and depression, trait-anxiety, and olfactory dysfunction as predictors.
| Predictors | Criterion: MFE | β | t | P | 95% CI | R 2 | Adj R2 | F change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Months,AOD | Age | −0.165 | −1.763 | 0.080 | −0.417, 0.024 | 0.081 | 0.035 | 1.024 |
| SES | −0.052 | −0.564 | 0.574 | −1.336, 0.743 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | 0.214 | 2.439 | 0.016 | 0.807, 7.768 | ||||
| Months | 0.197 | 1.914 | 0.058 | −0.010, 0.572 | ||||
| AOD | 0.231 | 1.012 | 0.313 | −6.118, 18.924 | ||||
| Months×AOD | −0.234 | −1.012 | 0.313 | −0.982, 0.318 | ||||
| Months,POD | Age | −0.158 | −1.658 | 0.100 | −0.414, 0.037 | 0.087 | 0.041 | 0.898 |
| SES | −0.030 | −0.341 | 0.733 | −1.179, 0.832 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | 0.217 | 2.464 | 0.015 | 0.854, 7.842 | ||||
| Months | 0.106 | 1.017 | 0.311 | −0.143, 0.444 | ||||
| POD | −0.113 | −0.498 | 0.620 | −13.541, 8.102 | ||||
| Months×POD | 0.217 | 0.948 | 0.345 | −0.309, 0.876 | ||||
| Months,NOD | Age | −0.147 | −1.543 | 0.125 | −0.400, 0.050 | 0.081 | 0.035 | 0.000 |
| SES | −0.055 | −0.602 | 0.549 | −1.367, 0.730 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | 0.222 | 2.501 | 0.014 | 0.924, 7.942 | ||||
| Months | 0.143 | 0.997 | 0.321 | −0.201, 0.610 | ||||
| NOD | −0.094 | −0.412 | 0.681 | −11.612, 7.609 | ||||
| Months×NOD | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.997 | −0.514, 0.516 | ||||
| GADSA, AOD | Age | −0.119 | −1.409 | 0.161 | −0.343, 0.058 | 0.140 | 0.098 | 1.073 |
| SES | −0.029 | −0.331 | 0.741 | −1.155, 0.824 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | 0.175 | 2.053 | 0.042 | 0.125, 6.883 | ||||
| GADSA | 0.329 | 3.464 | 0.001 | 0.733, 2.689 | ||||
| AOD | 0.337 | 1.210 | 0.229 | −5.945, 24.624 | ||||
| GADSA×AOD | −0.286 | −1.036 | 0.302 | −3.392, 1.062 | ||||
| GADSA, POD | Age | −0.114 | −1.323 | 0.188 | −0.341, 0.068 | 0.131 | 0.088 | 0.045 |
| SES | −0.019 | −0.223 | 0.824 | −1.081, 0.862 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | 0.183 | 2.110 | 0.037 | 0.226, 7.107 | ||||
| GADSA | 0.264 | 2.802 | 0.006 | 0.402, 2.341 | ||||
| POD | −0.041 | −0.100 | 0.920 | −20.574, 18.594 | ||||
| GADSA×POD | 0.089 | 0.212 | 0.832 | −2.326, 2.885 | ||||
| GADSA, NOD | Age | −0.110 | −1.286 | 0.201 | −0.334, 0.071 | 0.140 | 0.097 | 0.516 |
| SES | −0.034 | −0.387 | 0.700 | −1.186, 0.799 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | 0.181 | 2.093 | 0.038 | 0.196, 7.033 | ||||
| GADSA | 0.190 | 1.324 | 0.188 | −0.488, 2.460 | ||||
| NOD | −0.306 | −0.971 | 0.334 | −19.693, 6.733 | ||||
| GADSA×NOD | 0.237 | 0.718 | 0.474 | −1.168, 2.499 | ||||
| GADSD, AOD | Age | −0.110 | −1.300 | 0.196 | −0.331, 0.069 | 0.145 | 0.103 | 4.295 |
| SES | −0.002 | −0.026 | 0.979 | −1.005, 0.978 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | 0.172 | 1.999 | 0.048 | 0.033, 6.839 | ||||
| GADSD | 0.342 | 3.554 | 0.001 | 0.919, 3.231 | ||||
| AOD | 0.609 | 2.245 | 0.027 | 1.992, 31.765 | ||||
| GADSD×AOD | −0.555 | −2.073 | 0.040 | −5.391, −0.123 | ||||
| GADSD, POD | Age | −0.102 | −1.178 | 0.241 | −0.327, 0.083 | 0.119 | 0.076 | 0.805 |
| SES | 0.001 | 0.013 | 0.990 | −0.979, 0.991 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | 0.167 | 1.895 | 0.060 | −0.149, 6.849 | ||||
| GADSD | 0.271 | 2.798 | 0.006 | 0.481, 2.806 | ||||
| POD | 0.388 | 1.045 | 0.298 | −8.388, 27.143 | ||||
| GADSD×POD | −0.340 | −0.897 | 0.371 | −4.079, 1.535 | ||||
| GADSD, NOD | Age | −0.100 | −1.189 | 0.237 | −0.319, 0.080 | 0.163 | 0.121 | 5.937 |
| SES | −0.004 | −0.047 | 0.963 | −1.011, 0.964 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | 0.164 | 1.922 | 0.057 | −0.099, 6.683 | ||||
| GADSD | −0.011 | −0.085 | 0.932 | −1.691, 1.552 | ||||
| NOD | −0.821 | −2.721 | 0.007 | −30.046, −4.736 | ||||
| GADSD×NOD | 0.797 | 2.437 | 0.016 | 0.479, 4.632 | ||||
| STAIT, AOD | Age | −0.142 | −1.698 | 0.092 | −0.367, 0.028 | 0.173 | 0.132 | 2.819 |
| SES | −0.036 | −0.419 | 0.676 | −1.177, 0.766 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | 0.165 | 1.959 | 0.052 | −0.035, 6.659 | ||||
| STAIT | 0.400 | 4.175 | <0.001 | 0.803, 2.252 | ||||
| AOD | 0.313 | 1.937 | 0.055 | −0.190, 17.548 | ||||
| STAIT×AOD | −0.270 | −1.679 | 0.096 | −2.857, 0.235 | ||||
| STAIT, POD | Age | −0.117 | −1.367 | 0.174 | −0.342, 0.063 | 0.152 | 0.110 | 0.041 |
| SES | −0.025 | −0.295 | 0.769 | −1.099, 0.814 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | 0.163 | 1.882 | 0.062 | −0.169, 6.694 | ||||
| STAIT | 0.316 | 3.270 | 0.001 | 0.447, 1.939 | ||||
| POD | 0.106 | 0.510 | 0.611 | −7.379, 12.506 | ||||
| STAIT×POD | −0.044 | −0.203 | 0.839 | −1.739. 1.415 | ||||
| STAIT, NOD | Age | −0.120 | −1.431 | 0.155 | −0.341, 0.055 | 0.180 | 0.139 | 2.702 |
| SES | −0.050 | −0.592 | 0.555 | −1.257, 0.678 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | 0.162 | 1.919 | 0.057 | −0.103, 6.589 | ||||
| STAIT | 0.166 | 1.333 | 0.185 | −0.309, 1.579 | ||||
| NOD | −0.396 | −2.135 | 0.035 | −16.185, −0.609 | ||||
| STAIT×NOD | 0.348 | 1.644 | 0.103 | −0.214, 2.308 |
The following covariates were included in the analyses: Age, SES and Ventilatory assistance. Significant p-values are underlined. β shows standardised values. Dichotomisation of the symptoms of olfactory dysfunction is 0 (no) and 1 (yes) for the following: AOD (acute olfactory dysfunction), POD (persistent olfactory dysfunction), NOD (absence of olfactory dysfunction); Covariates: Age, SES [subjective educational and socio-economic status (scale range from 1 to 10 points)], and Vent. Assist. [Ventilatory assistance: not applicable (0), enhanced respiratory support (1) and intubated (2)]. Months = months from diagnosis to assessment. GADSA = Anxiety subscale of the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale; GADSD = Depression subscale of the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale; STAIT = Trait-Anxiety subscale of the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory.