Table 7.
Multiple regressions predicting immediate ability to recall verbal episodic information (PALIR score), with months since COVID-19 onset, symptoms of anxiety and depression, trait-anxiety, and olfactory dysfunction as predictors.
| Predictors | Criterion: PALIR | β | t | P | 95% CI | R 2 | Adj R2 | F change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Months,AOD | Age | −0.122 | −0.906 | 0.368 | −0.262, 0.098 | 0.072 | −0.010 | 0.607 |
| SES | 0.01 | 0.084 | 0.934 | −0.848, 0.922 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | −0.02 | −0.164 | 0.870 | −2.990, 2.536 | ||||
| Months | −0.216 | −1.504 | 0.137 | −0.438, 0.062 | ||||
| AOD | −0.269 | −0.755 | 0.453 | −16.293, 7.346 | ||||
| Months×AOD | 0.286 | 0.779 | 0.439 | −0.347 0.792 | ||||
| Months,POD | Age | −0.122 | −0.946 | 0.347 | −0.256, 0.091 | 0.129 | 0.053 | 3.158 |
| SES | −0.012 | −0.104 | 0.918 | −0.893, 0.804 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | −0.052 | −0.434 | 0.666 | −3.288, 2.114 | ||||
| Months | −0.063 | −0.44 | 0.661 | −0.303, 0.194 | ||||
| POD | 0.252 | 0.963 | 0.339 | −3.912, 11.213 | ||||
| Months×POD | −0.464 | −1.777 | 0.080 | −0.847, 0.049 | ||||
| Months,NOD | Age | −0.153 | −1.132 | 0.262 | −0.285, 0.079 | 0.096 | 0.016 | 0.644 |
| SES | 0.035 | 0.291 | 0.772 | −0.745, 1.000 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | −0.04 | −0.328 | 0.744 | −3.202, 2.299 | ||||
| Months | −0.241 | −1.361 | 0.178 | −0.519, 0.098 | ||||
| NOD | −0.04 | −0.138 | 0.890 | −7.866, 6.845 | ||||
| Months×NOD | 0.237 | 0.802 | 0.425 | −0.242, 0.568 | ||||
| GADSA, AOD | Age | −0.162 | −1.362 | 0.178 | −0.276, 0.052 | 0.106 | 0.028 | 4.22 |
| SES | 0.027 | 0.230 | 0.819 | −0.790, 0.996 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | −0.001 | −0.006 | 0.995 | −2.784, 2.768 | ||||
| GADSA | −0.258 | −1.972 | 0.053 | −1.556, 0.009 | ||||
| AOD | −0.713 | −2.122 | 0.037 | −23.671, −0.730 | ||||
| GADSA×AOD | 0.674 | 2.054 | 0.044 | 0.051, 3.488 | ||||
| GADSA, POD | Age | −0.19 | −1.525 | 0.132 | −0.303, 0.041 | 0.058 | −0.024 | 0.001 |
| SES | −0.008 | −0.069 | 0.945 | −0.922, 0.860 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | −0.017 | −0.139 | 0.890 | −3.089, 2.686 | ||||
| GADSA | −0.105 | −0.817 | 0.417 | −1.082, 0.453 | ||||
| POD | −0.124 | −0.224 | 0.823 | −18.250, 14.564 | ||||
| GADSA×POD | 0.014 | 0.025 | 0.980 | −2.190, 2.244 | ||||
| GADSA, NOD | Age | −0.176 | −1.443 | 0.154 | −0.291, 0.047 | 0.104 | 0.026 | 2.763 |
| SES | 0.034 | 0.286 | 0.775 | −0.760, 1.015 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | −0.004 | −0.036 | 0.971 | −2.861, 2.759 | ||||
| GADSA | 0.136 | 0.710 | 0.480 | −0.738, 1.554 | ||||
| NOD | 0.775 | 1.971 | 0.053 | −0.121, 20.353 | ||||
| GADSA×NOD | −0.705 | −1.662 | 0.101 | −2.647, 0.241 | ||||
| GADSD, AOD | Age | −0.177 | −1.482 | 0.143 | −0.288, 0.043 | 0.092 | 0.013 | 2.471 |
| SES | 0.011 | 0.093 | 0.926 | −0.860, 0.944 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | 0.018 | 0.149 | 0.882 | −2.664, 3.093 | ||||
| GADSD | −0.259 | −1.939 | 0.057 | −1.925, 0.028 | ||||
| AOD | −0.606 | −1.68 | 0.097 | −22.684, 1.944 | ||||
| GADSD×AOD | 0.56 | 1.572 | 0.121 | −0.446, 3.765 | ||||
| GADSD, POD | Age | −0.182 | −1.48 | 0.143 | −0.296, 0.044 | 0.076 | −0.005 | 0.611 |
| SES | 0.002 | 0.02 | 0.984 | −0.876, 0.894 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | 0.022 | 0.176 | 0.861 | −2.699, 3.220 | ||||
| GADSD | −0.191 | −1.426 | 0.158 | −1.679, 0.279 | ||||
| POD | −0.487 | −0.994 | 0.323 | −21.766, 7.284 | ||||
| GADSD×POD | 0.391 | 0.782 | 0.437 | −1.428, 3.268 | ||||
| GADSD, NOD | Age | −0.188 | −1.565 | 0.122 | −0.296, 0.036 | 0.127 | 0.051 | 3.794 |
| SES | 0.034 | 0.289 | 0.774 | −0.751, 1.005 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | 0.026 | 0.216 | 0.830 | −2.536, 3.151 | ||||
| GADSD | 0.113 | 0.615 | 0.541 | −0.931, 1.760 | ||||
| NOD | 0.913 | 2.267 | 0.027 | 1.430, 22.411 | ||||
| GADSD×NOD | −0.855 | −1.948 | 0.056 | −3.380, 0.040 | ||||
| STAIT, AOD | Age | −0.183 | −1.491 | 0.141 | −0.296, 0.043 | 0.048 | −0.035 | 0.853 |
| SES | −0.013 | −0.103 | 0.919 | −0.969, 0.874 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | −0.026 | −0.210 | 0.834 | −3.215, 2.603 | ||||
| STAIT | −0.014 | −0.099 | 0.921 | −0.655, 0.593 | ||||
| AOD | −0.200 | −0.934 | 0.353 | −10.752, 3.893 | ||||
| STAIT×AOD | 0.199 | 0.924 | 0.359 | −0.669, 1.824 | ||||
| STAIT, POD | Age | −0.205 | −1.648 | 0.104 | −0.314, 0.030 | 0.052 | −0.030 | 0.005 |
| SES | −0.016 | −0.131 | 0.896 | −0.955, 0.837 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | −0.046 | −0.363 | 0.718 | −3.474, 2.404 | ||||
| STAIT | 0.069 | 0.530 | 0.598 | −0.431, 0.742 | ||||
| POD | −0.116 | −0.366 | 0.715 | −11.105, 7.659 | ||||
| STAIT×POD | −0.024 | −0.073 | 0.942 | −1.617, 1.503 | ||||
| STAIT, NOD | Age | −0.211 | −1.701 | 0.093 | −0.318, 0.025 | 0.063 | −0.018 | 0.512 |
| SES | 0.01 | 0.084 | 0.933 | −0.870, 0.946 | ||||
| Vent. Assist. | −0.039 | −0.312 | 0.756 | −3.363, 2.453 | ||||
| STAIT | 0.155 | 0.817 | 0.417 | −0.504, 1.203 | ||||
| NOD | 0.315 | 1.245 | 0.217 | −2.475, 10.687 | ||||
| STAIT×NOD | −0.212 | −0.716 | 0.477 | −1.469, 0.693 |
The following covariates were included in the analyses: Age, SES and Ventilatory assistance. Significant p-values are underlined. β shows standardised values. Dichotomisation of the symptoms of olfactory dysfunction is 0 (no) and 1 (yes) for the following: AOD (acute olfactory dysfunction), POD (persistent olfactory dysfunction), NOD (absence of olfactory dysfunction); Covariates: Age, SES [subjective educational and socio-economic status (scale range from 1 to 10 points)], and Vent. Assist. [Ventilatory assistance: not applicable (0), enhanced respiratory support (1) and intubated (2)]. Months = months from diagnosis to assessment. GADSA = Anxiety subscale of the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale; GADSD = Depression subscale of the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale; STAIT = Trait-Anxiety subscale of the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory.