Table 4.

Significance test results of path coefficients.

	Initial sample (O)	Sample mean (M)	Standard deviation (STDEV)	T-statistic (|O/STDEV)	p-Value
Cultural differences → Tourism linguistic landscape	0.087	0.083	0.040	2.199	0.028
Lens language → Tourism linguistic landscape	0.846	0.843	0.038	22.224	0.000
Lens language → Empathy	0.554	0.557	0.034	16.211	0.000
Empathy → Tourism linguistic landscape	0.256	0.257	0.031	8.248	0.000
Moderation effect 1 → Tourism linguistic landscape	−0.285	−0.283	0.044	6.536	0.000