Table. Characteristics, Clinical Outcomes, Substance Use Disorders, Psychiatric Disorders, and Comorbidities Among Adult Emergency Department and Hospitalized Patients With Confirmed COVID-19, United States, April 2020–August 2021a.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | Hospitalized, unadjusted, % (row) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall sample | ED only | Hospitalizedb | ||
| Total | 1 274 219 (100.0) | 706 453 (100.0) | 567 766 (100.0) | 44.6 |
| Discharge diagnosis COVID-19 | ||||
| Primary | 1 010 483 (79.3) | 631 217 (89.4) | 379 266 (66.8) | 37.5 |
| Secondary | 263 736 (20.7) | 75 236 (10.6) | 188 500 (33.2) | 71.5 |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 54.6 (19.1) | 47.4 (17.9) | 63.6 (16.7) | NA |
| Age group, y | ||||
| 18-39 | 324 001 (25.4) | 267 964 (37.9) | 56 037 (9.9) | 17.3 |
| 40-54 | 295 164 (23.2) | 191 999 (27.2) | 103 165 (18.2) | 35.0 |
| 55-64 | 228 654 (17.9) | 112 797 (16.0) | 115 857 (20.4) | 50.7 |
| 65-74 | 201 369 (15.8) | 74 939 (16.6) | 126 430 (22.3) | 62.8 |
| ≥75 | 225 031 (17.7) | 58 754 (8.3) | 166 277 (29.3) | 73.9 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 667 638 (52.4) | 397 448 (56.3) | 270 190 (47.6) | 40.5 |
| Male | 606 581 (47.6) | 309 005 (43.7) | 297 576 (52.4) | 49.1 |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||
| Asian | 28 255 (2.2) | 14 063 (2.0) | 14 192 (2.5) | 50.2 |
| Hispanic | 258 637 (20.3) | 159 970 (22.6) | 98 667 (17.3) | 38.1 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 249 413 (19.6) | 146 345 (20.7) | 103 068 (18.2) | 41.3 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 640 251 (50.3) | 331 006 (46.8) | 309 245 (54.5) | 48.3 |
| Otherc | 68 765 (5.4) | 38 388 (5.4) | 30 377 (5.4) | 44.2 |
| Unknownd | 28 898 (2.3) | 16 681 (2.4) | 12 217 (2.2) | 42.3 |
| Primary insurance | ||||
| Medicaid | 223 518 (17.5) | 150 800 (21.4) | 72 781 (12.8) | 32.5 |
| Medicare | 452 982 (35.6) | 150 865 (21.4) | 302 117 (53.2) | 66.7 |
| Othere | 171 167 (13.4) | 122 572 (17.4) | 48 595 (8.6) | 28.4 |
| Private insurance | 426 552 (33.5) | 282 216 (40.0) | 144 336 (25.4) | 33.8 |
| Hospital US Census regionf | ||||
| Midwest | 258 634 (20.3) | 143 715 (20.3) | 114 919 (20.2) | 44.4 |
| Northeast | 169 510 (13.3) | 66 639 (9.4) | 102 871 (18.1) | 60.7 |
| South | 653 773 (51.3) | 384 267 (54.4) | 269 506 (47.5) | 41.2 |
| West | 192 302 (15.1) | 111 832 (15.8) | 80 470 (14.2) | 41.8 |
| Population served | ||||
| Rural | 180 900 (14.2) | 114 403 (16.2) | 66 497 (11.7) | 36.8 |
| Urban | 1 093 319 (85.8) | 592 050 (83.8) | 501 269 (88.3) | 45.8 |
| No. of hospital beds | ||||
| <100 | 128 863 (10.1) | 95 792 (13.6) | 33 071 (5.8) | 25.7 |
| 100-299 | 465 075 (36.5) | 269 501 (38.2) | 195 574 (34.5) | 42.1 |
| 300-499 | 349 741 (27.5) | 180 389 (25.5) | 169 352 (29.8) | 48.4 |
| ≥500 | 330 540 (25.9) | 160 771 (22.8) | 169 769 (29.9) | 51.4 |
| PD | ||||
| ADHD | 6756 (0.5) | 4108 (0.6) | 2648 (0.5) | 39.2 |
| Anxiety | 164 624 (12.9) | 62 891 (8.9) | 101 733 (17.9) | 61.8 |
| Bipolar disorder | 401 (0.03) | 224 (0.03) | 177 (0.03) | 44.1 |
| Major depression | 125 417 (9.8) | 42 311 (6.0) | 83 106 (14.6) | 66.3 |
| Other mood disorder | 6408 (0.5) | 1773 (0.3) | 4635 (0.8) | 72.3 |
| PTSD | 10 206 (0.8) | 4746 (0.7) | 5460 (1.0) | 53.5 |
| Schizophrenia | 17 871 (1.4) | 5782 (0.8) | 12 089 (2.1) | 67.6 |
| ≥1 PD above (any PD) | 237 186 (18.6) | 86 472 (12.2) | 150 714 (26.5) | 63.5 |
| ≥2 PD above (poly PD) | 81 577 (6.4) | 29 547 (4.2) | 52 044 (9.2) | 63.8 |
| No PD | 1 037 033 (81.4) | 619 981 (87.4) | 417 052 (73.5) | 40.2 |
| SUD by substance | ||||
| Alcohol | 26 847 (2.1) | 9678 (1.4) | 17 169 (3.0) | 64.0 |
| Other stimulants | 8094 (0.6) | 3893 (0.6) | 4201 (0.7) | 51.9 |
| Cannabis | 16 469 (1.3) | 8820 (1.3) | 7649 (1.4) | 46.4 |
| Cocaine | 6715 (0.5) | 2932 (0.4) | 3783 (0.7) | 56.3 |
| Opioids | 12 985 (1.0) | 3899 (0.6) | 9096 (1.6) | 70.1 |
| Other psychoactive substances | 7165 (0.6) | 3615 (0.5) | 3550 (0.6) | 49.5 |
| Sedatives | 2417 (0.2) | 740 (0.1) | 1677 (0.3) | 69.4 |
| ≥1 SUD above (any SUD) | 58 876 (4.6) | 24 200 (3.4) | 34 676 (6.1) | 58.9 |
| ≥2 SUD above (poly SUD) | 11 725 (0.9) | 4811 (0.7) | 6917 (1.2) | 59.0 |
| No SUD | 1 215 343 (95.4) | 682 253 (96.6) | 533 090 (93.9) | 43.9 |
| Combinations of PD and SUD | ||||
| Any PD with any SUD (both PD and SUD) | 29 215 (2.3) | 11 555 (1.6) | 17 660 (3.1) | 60.4 |
| Any PD with no SUD (PD only) | 207 971 (16.3) | 74 917 (10.6) | 133 054 (23.4) | 64.0 |
| No PD with any SUD (SUD only) | 29 661 (2.3) | 12 645 (1.8) | 17 016 (3.0) | 57.4 |
| No PD and no SUD (no PD or SUD) | 1 007 372 (79.1) | 607 336 (86.0) | 400 036 (70.5) | 39.7 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Cancer | 57 573 (4.5) | 14 060 (2.0) | 43 521 (7.7) | 75.6 |
| Cardiac dysrhythmia | 157 453 (12.4) | 32 355 (4.6) | 125 098 (22.0) | 75.9 |
| CKD | 151 548 (11.9) | 27 125 (3.8) | 124 475 (21.9) | 82.1 |
| COPD | 124 373 (9.8) | 29 570 (4.2) | 94 825 (16.7) | 76.2 |
| Heart failure | 131 044 (10.3) | 24 124 (3.4) | 106 944 (18.8) | 81.6 |
| Nicotine dependency | 135 193 (10.6) | 79 043 (11.2) | 56 176 (9.9) | 41.6 |
| Obesity | 257 037 (20.2) | 72546 (10.3) | 184 636 (32.5) | 71.8 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 345 740 (27.1) | 108 526 (15.4) | 237 315 (41.8) | 68.6 |
| ≥1 Comorbidities above | 686 426 (53.9) | 251 613 (35.6) | 434 813 (76.6) | 63.3 |
| None of the comorbidities above | 587 793 (46.1) | 454 840 (64.4) | 132 953 (23.4) | 22.6 |
| Wave | ||||
| 1 (April 2020-May 2020) | 106 103 (8.3) | 37 535 (5.3) | 68 650 (12.1) | 64.6 |
| 2 (June 2020-August 2020) | 194 807 (15.3) | 113 694 (16.1) | 81 113 (14.3) | 41.6 |
| 3 (September 2020-June 2021) | 868 350 (68.2) | 475 966 (67.4) | 392 384 (69.1) | 45.2 |
| 4 (July 2021-August 2021) | 104 959 (8.2) | 79 258 (11.2) | 25 701 (4.5) | 24.5 |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ED, emergency department; NA, not applicable; PD, psychiatric disorder; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SUD, substance use disorder.
Patients with COVID-19 were those who had inpatient and/or ED visits with a discharge diagnosis of U07.1 if admitted from January 1, 2020, through August 31, 2021, and discharged or died from April 1, 2020, through August 31, 2021. Data were obtained from Premier PINC AI Healthcare Data Special Release COVID-19 edition (release date, September 14, 2021).
Indicates P < .001 for distributions by demographics at a 2-tailed Pearson χ2 test compared with their counterpart in the same group.
Refers to non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and some other race.
Race and ethnicity both unknown.
Charity, indigent, self-pay, workers’ compensation, direct employer contract, other government payers, or other.
Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.