. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2023 Jan 7;23(2):77–91. doi: 10.1007/s11882-022-01061-y

Table 2.

Greenness exposure and atopic outcomes (only papers from 2019 until present)

Exposure	Author, Year	Country	Atopic outcome evaluated	Findings
Greenness	Gernes, 2019⁷²	U.S.	Sensitization, AR	Members of a high-risk cohort were at increased risk of sensitization to outdoor allergens when they lived near grassy areas. Grass vs. tree coverage impacted risk of allergic outcomes differently. A 10% increase in grass coverage correlated with increased risk of sensitization to grass pollen; this was not observed for increased tree coverage. When comparing measures of greenery (such as UGS or NDVI) it may be important to detect grass vs. tree.
	Li, 2019⁷¹	China	AR, AD	No seasonal NDVI-based measure showed a statistically significant correlation with either AR or AD. The authors’ results suggested increased residential distance might decrease one’s risk of allergic symptoms, though data was not collected on participants’ park usage.
	Kuiper, 2020⁶⁴	Norway, Sweden	AR	There were few associations between exposure to greenness and offspring AR. Parental exposure to high NDVI appeared to increase offspring’s risk of AR.
	Markevych, 2020⁸¹	Germany	AR, sensitization	Growing up in a tree-dense area (specifically allergenic trees) correlated with one’s risk of developing AR and aeroallergen sensitization; results were unclear for one’s risk of food sensitization.
	Parmes, 2020⁷⁹	Italy, France, Solvenia, Poland	AR, AD	Increased greenspace coverage was significantly associated with increased odds of AR but not AD. Living near coniferous forests may increase one’s risk of AR. Their results showed a preliminary trend (not significant) that agricultural spaces may be protective factors for childhood allergic and respiratory disease.
	Dzhambov, 2021⁸⁵	Austria, Italy	AR, AD	Lower residential naturalness and higher residential greyness correlated with more AR symptoms.
	Peters, 2022⁷⁴	Australia	FA	There was an association between increased NDVI and risk of allergy to peanut and egg in children, but not between increased NDVI and risk of sesame allergy. The effect of increased NDVI was magnified by high pollution, but not by lower levels of pollution.

AD, atopic dermatitis; AR, allergic rhinitis; FA, food allergy