Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Dec 12;30(3):559–569. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocac242

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Medical Informatics Association.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

PMC Copyright notice

Figure 2. — Risk of bias of the included studies. The figure presents the risk of bias in the included studies, evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (ROB 2) for randomized controlled trials (top panel) and the Risk Of Bias In Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) for nonrandomized controlled trials (bottom panel). Four (57%) randomized controlled trials were at high risk of bias and the nonrandomized controlled trial was at serious risk of bias. There were some concerns for the remaining randomized controlled trials.