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. 2022 Dec 2;30(3):570–587. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocac231

Table 1.

A summary of key characteristics of included studies (N = 30)

Number of studies (%)
Publication year

  • Before 2010

 4 (13%)

  • 2010–2014

 1 (3%)

  • 2015–2020

 14 (47%)

  • 2021–2022

 11 (37%)
Country

  • United States

 13 (43.3%)

  • China

 3 (10%)

  • Denmark

 2 (7%)

  • India

 2 (7%)

  • Australia

 1 (3%)

  • Germany

 1 (3%)

  • Finland

 1 (3%)

  • Czech Republic

 1 (3%)

  • India

 1 (3%)

  • Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

 1 (3%)

  • Iran

 1 (3%)

  • Korea

 1 (3%)

  • Japan

 1 (3%)

  • United Kingdom

 1 (3%)

  • Taiwan

 1 (3%)
Types of AI approaches

  • Pain management

 10 (33%)

  • Pain assessment

 8 (27%)

  • Others

 12 (40%)
Types of pain

  • Back pain

 7 (23%)

  • Shoulder pain

 5 (17%)

  • General chronic pain

 5 (17%)

  • General pain

 7 (23%)

  • Not specify

 6 (20%)
Sample size (# of participants)

  • >500

 8 (27%)

  • 100–499

 10 (33%)

  • 50–99

 7 (27%)

  • 11–49

 4 (13%)

  • ≤10

 1 (3%)
Study design

  • Diagnostic study

 11 (37%)

  • Pilot study

 3 (10%)

  • Cohort study

 5 (17%)

  • Retrospective study

 4 (13%)

  • Longitudinal study

 4 (13%)

  • Observational Study

 3 (10%)
Settings

  • Community

 18 (60%)

  • Pain or primary care clinic

 5 (17%)

  • Hospital

 7 (27%)