Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Characteristics | Studies (n) | % |
|---|---|---|
| Geographical location of study | ||
| United States | 34 | 87 |
| Europe (Spain, Finland) | 2 | 5 |
| Asian (Taiwan, China) | 2 | 5 |
| Australia | 1 | 3 |
| Year of publication | ||
| Before 2001 | 3 | 8 |
| 2005–2010 | 8 | 21 |
| 2011–2015 | 11 | 28 |
| 2016–2021 | 17 | 44 |
| Application fielda | ||
| Etiology | 0 | 0 |
| Diagnosis | 26 | 67 |
| Prognosis | 11 | 28 |
| Therapy | 3 | 8 |
| Clinical domain | ||
| Oncology | 4 | 10 |
| Cardiovascular | 6 | 15 |
| Infectious diseases | 4 | 10 |
| Pulmonary diseases | 7 | 18 |
| Radiology | 3 | 8 |
| Adherence to clinical guidelineb | 4 | 10 |
| Maintenance of a problem list | 2 | 5 |
| Other (eg, epilepsy, depression, hospital admission) | 9 | 23 |
| Type of patient care | ||
| Inpatient | 23 | 59 |
| Outpatient | 7 | 18 |
| Both | 6 | 15 |
| Unknown | 3 | 8 |
| Sample size validationc | ||
| <500 | 20 | 51 |
| 500–10 000 | 13 | 33 |
| >10 000 | 5 | 13 |
| Free-text used for text mining | ||
| Reports (eg, radiology reports, pathology reports) | 16 | 41 |
| Orders (eg, clinical orders) | 2 | 5 |
| Discharge summaries | 2 | 5 |
| Clinical notes/free-text narratives (eg, free-text documents) | 14 | 36 |
| Other (eg, messages, scheduling data) | 5 | 13 |
| TM-CDS tool | ||
| Software already developedd | 16 | 41 |
| Developed for the studye | 23 | 59 |
| Source available softwaref | 15 | 38 |
CDS: clinical decision dupport; USMSTF: United States Multi-Society Task Force; TM: text mining.
a
One study was included in 2 categories being, diagnosis and therapy.
b
This includes studies that tried to improve adherence to clinical guidelines.
c
This includes patients and free-text, Supplementary Appendix S2 shows which are patients and which are free-text.
d
This includes tools that were developed before the study, meaning already existing tools that were used in this study.
e
This includes tools that were developed in the study by the authors.
f
Tools whereof the source was available for others, containing tools that were developed for the study or tools whereof the software was already developed.