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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 16.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Med Inform. 2021 Aug 18;154:104559. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2021.104559

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Architecture of storing the patient outcome of gene-drug pairs. A. Centralized architecture (central server) where the centralized gene-drug outcome server can lead to a single-point-of-failure. The central server can change the records from other sites and can even modify the source of evaluation results. B. Decentralized architecture (blockchain) without a central server that can eliminate the possibility of a single point-of-failure. By adopting blockchain technology, the data are immutable and source-verifiable.