Table 3.

First-Stage Regressions for Vaccination Rates

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Periods for vaccination rates	3/5/21–5/3/21	5/3/21–8/23/21	8/23/21–11/17/21	11/17/21–2/11/22	2/11/22–5/8/22
Constant	.02 (.29)	.10 (.36)	.22 (.37)	.17 (.40)	.20 (.42)
Over-65	.24 (.19)	.75*** (.23)	.81*** (.24)	.71*** (.26)	.65** (.26)
Life expectancy	.0020 (.0036)	.0043 (.0046)	.0072 (.0047)	.0098** (.0051)	.0105** (.0053)
High School Education	.12 (.17)	.18 (.20)	−.08 (.21)	−.14 (.22)	−.17 (.23)
Black	−.131*** (.050)	−.247*** (.062)	−.213*** (.063)	−.203*** (.068)	−.211*** (.072)
Urban	−.046 (.036)	−.037 (.045)	−.025 (.045)	−.041 (.049)	−.039 (.051)
Average Maximum Temperature	.0001 (.0005)	.0001 (.0004)	−.0001 (.0002)	.0000 (.0002)	.0001 (.0003)
Trump vote	−.095** (.044)	−.475*** (.054)	−.531*** (.055)	−.561*** (.059)	−.606*** (.063)
R-squared	.42	.82	.84	.84	.84
s.e.	.026	.033	.034	.036	.038

Notes: Sample is 50 U.S. states plus District of Columbia. Dependent variables, over the periods shown in the top row, are the averages of full vaccination rates, as used in Table 2. Over-65 is the fraction of the population in 2020 that was aged 65 or more. Life expectancy at birth is for 2018. High School Education is fraction of the population in 2019 aged 25 or more that had completed four years of high school or more. Black is the fraction of the population in 2020 classified as black. Urban is the fraction of the population urbanized in 2010. Trump vote is the fraction of votes for President in 2020 that went Republican. Estimation is by seemingly-unrelated regression, which allows for a different error variance in each period and for correlation of the error terms across periods. Standard errors of estimated coefficients are in parentheses. s.e. is the standard error of each regression.

^***Significant at 1%,

^**significant at 5%,

^*significant at 10%.