Table 1.
Regulatory tDRs in tumor microenvironment
| tDR Name | tDR Type | Regulation Level | Mechanism | Function | Cancer Type | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| tRF/miR-1280 | tRF-3 | posttranscription | target JAG2 to suppress Notch/Gata signaling and up-regulate miR-200b | inhibit CRC stem cell phenotype and EMT | Colorectal cancer | [59] |
| 5'tRNA fragments | tRF-5 | translation | inhibit protein synthesis | increase tumor initiation population and promote tumor stem cell function | Skin cancer | [63] |
| TOG-containing 5’-tRFs | tRF-5 | translation | inhibit protein synthesis | promote stem cell commitment | Hematological malignancies | [36] |
|
ts-34 ts-49 |
tRF-1 | / | / | associate with T cell activation status | Breast cancer | [64] |
| 5'-tRFCys | 5'-tiRNA | posttranscription | promote oligomerization of Nucleolin and protect metabolic transcripts Mthfd1l and Pafah1b1 from exonucleolytic degradation | promote metastasis | Breast cancer | [65] |
| tRFLys−CTT−010 | tRF-5c | posttranscription | target G6PC regulates glucose metabolism | promote the proliferation and metastasis of TNBC | Breast cancer | [66] |
| 5'-HisGUG Half | 5'-tiRNA | posttranscription | selective binding to AGO2 after LA induction and increased their stability | promote the proliferation of B-cell lymphoma cells | B-cell lymphoma | [67] |
| tRF-20- M0NK5Y93 | i-tRF | posttranscription | target Claudin-1 | down-regulate EMT-related markers and suppress CRC cell invasion and metastasis | Colorectal cancer | [68] |
| Gly-tRF | 5'-tRF | posttranscription | target NDFIP2 and activate AKT signaling pathway | enhance LCSC-like cell characteristics and promote EMT | Liver cancer | [69] |
| miR-720 | tRF | posttranscription | target Rab35 | induce EMT of cervical cancer cells and promote cell migration | Cervical cancer | [70] |
| tRF-21 | i-tRF | / | LIF or IL-6 inhibits its binding to hnRNPL and prevent phosphorylation of hnRNPL by AKT2/1 | repress tumor growth and metastasis | PDAC | [71] |
| tRiMetF31 | 5'-tiRNA | posttranscription | target PFKFB3 | inhibit cell proliferation and angiogenesis |
Neuroblastoma Breast cancer |
[72] [73] |
Abbreviations: CRC Colorectal cancer, TNBC Triple negative breast cancer, LCSC Liver cancer stem cells, PDAC Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, EMT Epithelial-mesenchymal transition