Table 2.
Results from the random effects models with estimates for the association of subject-specific factors on self-rated health. The Tromsø Study 1994–2016
| Women | Men | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate OR [95% CI] | Adjusted OR [95% CI] | Univariate OR [95% CI] | Adjusted OR [95% CI] | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Abstainer, not consumed alcohol last 12 months | 0.49*** [0.42, 0.58] | 0.60*** [0.51, 0.72] | 0.76* [0.61, 0.95] | 0.85 [0.68, 1.07] |
| < 100 g ethanol per week | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| ≥ 100 g ethanol per week | 1.90*** [1.49, 2.42] | 1.85*** [1.46, 2.34] | 1.13 [0.94, 1.36] | 1.18 [0.99, 1.42] |
| Mental distressa | ||||
| No symptoms | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| Some symptoms | 0.39*** [0.34, 0.45] | 0.41*** [0.35, 0.47] | 0.34*** [0.30, 0.39] | 0.39*** [0.34, 0.45] |
| Sub-threshold symptoms | 0.10*** [0.09, 0.12] | 0.14*** [0.12, 0.17] | 0.11*** [0.09, 0.13] | 0.15*** [0.12, 0.18] |
| Significant symptoms | 0.03*** [0.02, 0.03] | 0.05*** [0.04, 0.06] | 0.02*** [0.02, 0.03] | 0.04*** [0.03, 0.06] |
| Physical illness (HII)b | 0.75*** [0.74, 0.77] | 0.77*** [0.75, 0.79] | 0.72*** [0.70, 0.74] | 0.74*** [0.72, 0.76] |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never smoked | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| > 1–20 years | 1.11 [0.91, 1.36] | 1.05 [0.87, 1.27] | 0.73** [0.59, 0.90] | 0.74** [0.60, 0.91] |
| > 20 years | 0.61*** [0.52, 0.72] | 0.70*** [0.60, 0.81] | 0.35*** [0.29, 0.42] | 0.46*** [0.39, 0.55] |
| Have used pillsclast 2/4 weeks | 0.42*** [0.36, 0.48] | 0.69*** [0.60, 0.81] | 0.36*** [0.30, 0.43] | 0.70*** [0.57, 0.85] |
| Body Mass Index | ||||
| Lean (< 25 kg/m2) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| Overweight (25–30 kg/m2) | 0.78*** [0.68, 0.90] | 0.73*** [0.63, 0.84] | 0.91 [0.78, 1.06] | 0.83* [0.71, 0.97] |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 0.43*** [0.36, 0.52] | 0.47*** [0.39, 0.56] | 0.49*** [0.40, 0.59] | 0.53*** [0.43, 0.64] |
| Average physical activity per week | ||||
| Inactive | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| < 1 Hour | 1.48*** [1.19, 1.84] | 1.12 [0.88, 1.41] | 1.33* [1.06, 1.68] | 1.00 [0.79, 1.27] |
| 1–2 hours | 2.27*** [1.86, 2.77] | 1.49*** [1.20, 1.85] | 2.12*** [1.70, 2.65] | 1.50*** [1.19, 1.89] |
| ≥ 3 hours | 3.51*** [2.87, 4.30] | 2.25*** [1.81, 2.80] | 3.01*** [2.42, 3.75] | 2.10*** [1.67, 2.65] |
| Social support | 2.77*** [2.27, 3.38] | 1.53*** [1.24, 1.90] | 2.14*** [1.76, 2.60] | 1.35** [1.10, 1.66] |
SRH self-rated health, OR odds ratio, are based on subjects participating ≥ two times with repeated measures of alcohol consumption (n = 20,840). All time-varying scores were updated in 2001, 2007–08, and 2015–16 for those who participated. Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets, all estimates are adjusted for education and age
Univariate models: separate models for each risk factor, to estimate the independent effect on the ordinal response variable
Adjusted models: fully fitted models including all listed covariates
*p < 0.05
**p < 0.01
***p < 0.001
aIn 1994–95, the seven-item CONOR Mental Health Index was used, whereas in the three subsequent surveys, the ten-item Hopkins Symptom Check List-10 (HSCL-10) was used
bHII measures physical illness according to the impact that each condition has on SRH
cPersons reporting the use of either or both sleeping pills/tranquilisers. In 1994–95, the time frame asked was “during the last 2 weeks”, while in the three subsequent surveys it was “during the last 4 weeks”