Table 4.
All-cause mortality risk by alcohol consumption in subjects aged ≥60 years. The Tromsø Study 1994–2020
| Women | Men | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate HR [95% CI] | Adjusted HR [95% CI] | Univariate HR [95% CI] | Adjusted HR [95% CI] | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Abstainer, not consumed alcohol last 12 months | 1.53*** [1.42, 1.65] | 1.31*** [1.18, 1.46] | 1.37*** [1.25, 1.50] | 1.18** [1.06, 1.32] |
| < 100 g ethanol per week | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| ≥ 100 g ethanol per week | 0.89 [0.72, 1.11] | 0.95 [0.73, 1.22] | 0.89 [0.77, 1.01] | 0.89 [0.77, 1.03] |
| Self-rated health | ||||
| Poor | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| Fair | 0.75*** [0.66, 0.85] | 0.86 [0.72, 1.02] | 0.63*** [0.55, 0.71] | 0.71*** [0.61, 0.83] |
| Good | 0.50*** [0.44, 0.56] | 0.61*** [0.50, 0.74] | 0.40*** [0.35, 0.45] | 0.55*** [0.46, 0.64] |
| Excellent | 0.32*** [0.25, 0.41] | 0.38*** [0.27, 0.53] | 0.25*** [0.20, 0.31] | 0.37*** [0.28, 0.49] |
| Live with a spouse or a partner | 0.71*** [0.66, 0.77] | 0.81*** [0.74, 0.89] | 0.77*** [0.70, 0.84] | 0.81*** [0.74, 0.90] |
| Mental distressa | ||||
| No symptoms | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| Some symptoms | 1.54*** [1.38, 1.73] | 1.17* [1.02, 1.33] | 1.68*** [1.53, 1.84] | 1.31*** [1.18, 1.44] |
| Sub-threshold symptoms | 1.55*** [1.37, 1.75] | 1.07 [0.91, 1.24] | 1.85*** [1.65, 2.08] | 1.25*** [1.10, 1.43] |
| Significant symptoms | 1.88*** [1.63, 2.18] | 1.04 [0.86, 1.26] | 2.31*** [1.96, 2.73] | 1.36** [1.12, 1.66] |
| Physical illness (HII)b | 1.05*** [1.04, 1.07] | 1.05*** [1.03, 1.06] | 1.08*** [1.07, 1.10] | 1.07*** [1.05, 1.08] |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never smoked | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| 1–20 years | 1.29*** [1.11, 1.49] | 1.12 [0.95, 1.32] | 1.35*** [1.15, 1.59] | 1.21* [1.03, 1.44] |
| > 20 years | 1.95*** [1.78, 2.14] | 1.67*** [1.50, 1.86] | 2.49*** [2.21, 2.82] | 1.97*** [1.73, 2.24] |
| Have used pillsclast 2/4 weeks | 0.66*** [0.60, 0.72] | 0.78*** [0.70, 0.87] | 1.02 [0.92, 1.14] | 0.89 [0.80, 1.00] |
| High blood pressure (> 140/90 mmHg) | 1.34*** [1.23, 1.45] | 1.15** [1.04, 1.28] | 1.25*** [1.16, 1.35] | 1.26*** [1.16, 1.38] |
| Body Mass Index | ||||
| Lean (< 25 kg/m2) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| Overweight (25–30 kg/m2) | 0.72*** [0.66, 0.78] | 0.65*** [0.59, 0.73] | 0.73*** [0.68, 0.79] | 0.73*** [0.67, 0.80] |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 0.76*** [0.69, 0.84] | 0.67*** [0.59, 0.76] | 0.68*** [0.61, 0.76] | 0.64*** [0.57, 0.73] |
| Average physical activity per week | ||||
| Inactive | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| < 1 Hour | 0.61*** [0.54, 0.68] | 0.71*** [0.61, 0.83] | 0.57*** [0.51, 0.65] | 0.69*** [0.60, 0.79] |
| 1–2 hours | 0.57*** [0.51, 0.62] | 0.73*** [0.63, 0.83] | 0.58*** [0.52, 0.65] | 0.68*** [0.60, 0.78] |
| ≥ 3 hours | 0.59*** [0.54, 0.65] | 0.81** [0.71, 0.93] | 0.63*** [0.57, 0.70] | 0.74*** [0.66, 0.84] |
HR hazard ratios, are based on cox proportional hazard models with repeated measures of alcohol consumption (n = 24,590). All time-varying scores were updated in 2001, 2007–08, and 2015–16 for those who participated. End of follow-up on November 25, 2020. Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confi’dence intervals in brackets, all estimates are adjusted for education and age
Univariate models: separate models for each risk factor, to estimate the independent effect on HR
Adjusted models: fully fitted models including all listed covariates
*p < 0.05
**p < 0.01
***p < 0.001
aIn 1994–95, the seven-item CONOR Mental Health Index (CONOR-MHI) was used, whereas in the three subsequent surveys, the ten-item Hopkins Symptom Check List-10 (HSCL-10) was used
bHII measures physical illness according to the impact that each condition has on SRH. cSubjects reporting the use of either or both sleeping pills/tranquilisers. In 1994–95, the time frame asked was “during the last 2 weeks”, while in the three subsequent surveys it was “during the last 4 weeks”
cSubjects reporting the use of either or both sleeping pills/tranquilisers. In 1994–95, the time frame asked was “during the last 2 weeks”, while in the three subsequent surveys it was “during the last 4 weeks”