Table 3.

Covariates included in multiple regression analysis

Category	Covariates	Data source
Demographics	Patient age, gender, race, APACHE II score, code status	Chart extraction
	Surrogate age, gender, race, education level, religion, relationship to patient	Enrollment questionnaire
Decision justification theory (types of regret)
Process	Patient has advanced directive; surrogate had prior SDM1 experience	Enrollment questionnaire
	Palliative care consultation; PARTNER 22 trial intervention	Chart extraction
Option	Limitation in life-sustaining treatments; change in code status; tracheostomy placement; PEG3 tube insertion	Chart extraction
Outcome	Patient discharged on mechanical ventilation; patient died in hospital; patient still alive at 6 months; patient functional status at 6 months (Katz ADL4 score)	6-month telephone interview

¹SDM Surrogate decision-making, ²PARTNER PAiring re-engineered ICU teams with nurse-driven education and relationship-building, ³PEG Percutaneous gastrostomy, ⁴ADL Activities of daily living