Table 1.
Current recommendations from guidelines and expert review groups24 regarding cholangiocarcinoma surveillance in PSC
| European Association for Study of the Liver 202211 | Surveillance with ultrasound and/or MRI/MRCP for cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder malignancy is suggested at least yearly in patients with large-duct disease, regardless of disease stage. o. | Not suggested for surveillance purposes due to its insufficient accuracy. |
| American Association for Study of Liver Disease 201010 | In the absence of evidence … many clinicians screen patients with an imaging study at annual intervals. Recommend annual ultrasound to detect mass lesions in the gallbladder. |
As for imaging |
| American College of Gastroenterology 201544 | Consider screening for CCA with regular cross-sectional imaging with ultrasound or MR every 6–12 months. (Conditional recommendation, very low quality of evidence) | As for imaging |
| Schramm et al 24 | There is no quality evidence supporting or refuting CCA screening. However, many experts …recommend regular CCA screening with MRI/MRCP. |
Not discussed |
| American Gastroenterological Association 201945 |
Should include imaging by ultrasound, CT or MRI every 6–12 months | Optional add-on to imaging |
| British Society of Gastroenterology 20199 | Suggest gallbladder scan annually for polyps. Lack of clear data in asymptomatic patients | Not recommended. little evidence to justify |
| Imaging | Serum Ca.19.9 |
CCA, cholangiocarcinoma; PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis.