Table 1. Comparison of EV Capture and Analysis Methods.

method	sample	capture approach	required instrument	LOD (particles/mL)	required volume (mL)	captured particle (particles)	ref
microchip	ultracentrifuged cell (MCF-7) medium	immunoaffinity	fluorescence microscope	6.30 × 1010	0.002	1.26 × 108	(61)
dot blotting	spiking cancer-cell-derived EVs (OVCAR-3) in blood plasma	immunoaffinity	manual pin microarray spotter and fluorescence microscope	3.10 × 105	0.006	1.86 × 103	(62)
3D nanopatterned EV-CLUE chip	ultracentrifuged-purified EVs (MDA-MB-231)	immunoaffinity	fluorescence microscope	5 × 105	0.006	3 × 103	(48)
immunization and membrane filters	ultracentrifuged cell (MCF-10A, MDA-MB-231, and SK-BR-3) medium and spiking EVs in EV-free serum	immunoaffinity and chemisorption	chemiluminescence substances and microplate reader	1.00 × 104	0.1	8.27 × 101	(63)
single particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensor	ultracentrifuged cell (HEK-293) medium and human cerebrospinal fluid	immunoaffinity	single particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensor	3.94 × 109	0.02	7.88 × 107	(64)
DNA-capped single-wall carbon nanotube aptasensor	ultracentrifuged cell (MCF-7) medium	immunofluorescence	UV–vis spectrophotometry	5.20 × 105	87.2	4.53 × 107	(65)
nanowire assay system	organoid medium and glioblastoma patient urine	charge-based interaction	well plate reader	1.25 × 107	0.3	3.75 × 106	this work