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. 2023 Jan 24;14:1103307. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1103307

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Copyright © 2023 Li, Cai, Qin and Chen

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The origin and differentiation of ABCs. B cells from follicular and marginal zone of the spleen may serve as progenitors for ABCs. The differentiation of ABCs can be regulated by a combination of innate signals and adaptive signals. The innate signals TLR7 engagement followed by subsequent IFNγ and/or IL-21 exposure in the context of Tfh cells is required for ABC differentiation. The Figure was partly generated using Servier Medical Art, provided by Servier, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 unported license. ABCs: Age/autoimmunity-associated B cells; GC: germinal center; TLR7: Toll-like receptor 7; TLR9: Toll-like receptor 9; IL-21: interleukin-21; IFN-γ: interferon-γ.