Table 2.

Summary of testis toxicants and mechanism of action

Toxicants	Target cell types	Mechanism of action (MOA)	References
Ethane dimethanesulfonate (EDS)	Leydig cell	Leydig cell apoptosis/necrosis with secondary germ cell death	Morris et al. (Morris et al. 1997, 1986; Morris 1985), Kelce et al. (Kelce and Zirkin 1993)
Cadmium chloride	Sertoli cell, Leydig cell, Germ cell	Induce DNA damage, Disrupt the tight junctions in BTB, Cause damage to the seminiferous tubules, Loss of sperm	Siu et al. (Siu et al. 2009), Zhe et al. (Zhu et al. 2020), Ren et al. (Ren et al. 2019)
Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME)	Germ cell Sertoli cell	Disruption of sperm synthesis, Vacuolations in seminiferous tubules	Somade et al. (Somade et al. 2020), Fukushima et al. (Fukushima et al. 2011), Sakurai et al. (Sakurai et al. 2016), Matsuyama et al. (Matsuyama et al. 2018)
1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB)	Sertoli cell,	Sertoli cell vacuolation/apoptosis	Brown et al. (Brown et al. 1997)
2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD)	Sertoli cell, Germ cell	Germ cell loss, Sertoli cell vacuolations	Boekelheide et al. (Boekelheide et al. 2003), Blanchard et al. (Blanchard et al. 1996)
Carbendazim (CBZ)	Sertoli cell, Germ cell	Germ cell apoptosis, Seminiferous tubules vacuolations	Moffit et al. (Moffit et al. 2007)
Methoxyacetic acid (MAA)	Germ cell	Spermatocyte apoptosis	Bagchi and Waxman(Bagchi and Waxman 2008)