Table 1:
Baseline Characteristics
| Variable | Total, n=159 |
ANT-DBS n=38 |
CM-DBS n=19 |
RNS n=30 |
CSS n=32 |
VNS N=40 |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y; median (Range) | 25 (6–71) | 30 (15–71) | 19 (6–51) | 39 (14–65) | 22 (6–57) | 27 (6–69) | <0.001 |
| Female sex; % (n) | 54 (86) | 50 (19) | 63 (12) | 63 (19) | 50 (16) | 48 (19) | 0.59 |
| Epilepsy duration, y; median (Range) | 15 (1–53) | 18 (2–53) | 15 (5–50) | 18 (5–51) | 12 (1–50) | 12 (5–24) | 0.07 |
| Median disabling seizure frequency, sz/mo; median (IQR) | 10 (4–38) | 8.5 (4.5–28.5) | 30 (6–105) | 7.3 (3.9–12.4) | 20 (4–131.3) | 16 (2.6–42.3) | 0.15 |
| Median convulsive seizure frequency, sz/y; median (IQR)* | n=95 4 (0–36) |
n=24 0 (0–1.5) |
n=14 20.3 (1.5–102) |
n=18 2.3 (0–34.5) |
n=20 21 (0.5–34.5) |
n=19 18 (0.5–52) |
0.004 |
| Median ASDs tried prior to implant; median (Range)** | 5 (0–22) | 6 (1–16) | 8 (2–16) | 4 (1–9) | 4 (0–11) | 4 (0–22) | <0.001 |
| Median ASDs taken at time of implant; median (Range) | 3 (1–7) | 3 (1–5) | 3 (1–7) | 2 (1–4) | 3 (1–6) | 3 (1–5) | 0.06 |
| Prior epilepsy surgery; % (n) | |||||||
| Anterior temporal lobectomy | 8 (13) | 11 (4) | 11 (2) | 13 (4) | 0 (0) | 13 (5) | 0.69 |
| Neocortical resection | 9 (15) | 16 (6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 9 (3) | 15 (6) | 0.08 |
| Corpus callosotomy | 3 (5) | 0 (0) | 21 (4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (1) | <0.001 |
| Subpial transection | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (1) | 0.56 |
| Other | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 7 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.07 |
| Epilepsy etiology; % (n) | |||||||
| Structural | 46 (76) | 58 (22) | 16 (3) | 51 (18) | 50 (16) | 43 (17) | 0.04 |
| Genetic | 2 (4) | 0 (0) | 16 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (1) | 0.003 |
| Infectious | 6 (9) | 11 (4) | 11 (2) | 3 (1) | 3 (1) | 3 (1) | 0.41 |
| Immune | 4 (6) | 3 (1) | 0 (0) | 6 (2) | 3 (1) | 5 (2) | 0.89 |
| Mixed | 4 (7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (1) | 6 (2) | 10 (4) | 0.08 |
| Unknown | 38 (62) | 29 (11) | 58 (11) | 37 (13) | 38 (12) | 38 (15) | 0.34 |
| Localization of seizure onset; % (n) | |||||||
| Frontal | 9 (15) | 5 (2) | 0 (0) | 10 (3) | 22 (7) | 8 (3) | 0.07 |
| Temporal | 27 (43) | 18 (7) | 5 (1) | 78 (23) | 9 (3) | 23 (9) | <0.001 |
| Paracentral | 13 (20) | 3 (1) | 0 (0) | 6 (2) | 50 (16) | 2 (1) | <0.001 |
| Posterior | 4 (6) | 8 (3) | 5 (1) | 0 (0) | 3 (1) | 2 (1) | 0.51 |
| Diffuse/Multifocal | 23 (37) | 55 (21) | 5 (1) | 6 (2) | 16 (5) | 20 (8) | <0.001 |
| Generalized | 9 (15) | 0 (0) | 42 (8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 18 (7) | <0.001 |
| Mixed† | 15 (23) | 11 (4) | 42 (8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 27 (11) | <0.001 |
| Invasive EEG; % (n) | 52 (82) | 55 (21) | 16 (3) | 63 (19) | 100 (32) | 18 (7) | <0.001 |
ANT-DBS, anterior thalamic nuclei deep brain stimulation; ASDs, anti-seizure drugs; CM-DBS, centromedian thalamic nuclei deep brain stimulation; CSS, chronic subthreshold stimulation; IQR, interquartile range; RNS, responsive neurostimulation; sz/mo, seizures per month; sz/y, seizures per year; VNS, vagus nerve stimulation; y, years.
*
Information not available/applicable for all patients
**
Excluding medications already taken by patient at time of implant
†
Generalized onset with another onset