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. 2023 Jan 11;120(3):e2216537120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2216537120

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

Inhibiting NMPs induced a rapid increase in spontaneous neuronal activity and network synchrony in the tadpole brain. (A) Representative time-lapse images of GCaMP fluorescence collected in the OT of a live tadpole throughout an experiment. The animal was recorded for 5 min before and after intraventricular injection of BMI and for 5 min after BE injection. (Scale bar, 50 µM.) (B) Traces of Ca++ activity extracted from the GCaMP fluorescence signal in the same individual tectal neuronal soma (ROIs) during the 5-min recording period following the indicated treatments. (C) Raster plots (Top) of Ca++ events derived from the data in B. (D–K) Summary data of average Ca++ event counts (D–G) and integrated Ca++ responses (H–K) at different time points in animals under different conditions. (L–M) Scatterplots of Ca++ event counts for individual neurons in BMI-treated animals before and after treatment with either vehicle (L) or BE (M). (N–P) The synchrony index calculated from Ca++ activity of all neurons recorded in each animal in animals treated with BE (N), BMI-veh (O), or BMI–BE (P). Data points from the same animal were connected by straight lines. (Q) Magnitude of change in Ca++ event counts following different treatments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001. The Friedman test with Dunn’s multiple comparison post hoc test. Veh: n = 54 neurons and N = 3 animals; BE: n = 214 neurons and N = 6 animals (data pooled from 50 µM and 250 µM BE). BMI-Veh: n = 119 neurons and N = 6 animals; BMI–BE: n = 194 neurons and N = 8 animals.