Figure 3 |.

Estrogen receptor network. The estrogen receptor network integrates cellular responses and functions in the brain. Estrogen binding and activation of the membrane-bound receptors, mER-α, mER-β and GPER, leads to activation of signalling pathways that regulate expression of early and intermediate response genes. Estrogen binding to the nuclear estrogen receptors, ER-α and ER-β, results in activation of transcriptional pathways that regulate expression of late response genes. Activation and translocation of ER-β to the mitochondria has been implicated in regulating expression of mitochondrial genes. Furthermore, estrogen can modulate transcriptional gene expression, activated by either rapid signalling or transcriptional pathways, via epigenetic regulation. This network of receptors enables the integration of signals across rapid, intermediate and late response pathways to coordinate a broad spectrum of cellular elements, including substrate transporters, metabolic enzymes and catalytic processes, which ultimately results in generation of energy to fuel neurological function. Abbreviations: ER, estrogen receptor; GPER, G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1; mER, membrane estrogen receptor; mtER, mitochondrial estrogen receptor.