Fig. 4.

Application of the liver-chip to study drug safety and drug metabolism.

A: media loss in the liver-chip after 2 weeks of culturing. Graph indicates mean with 15 individual data points. B: Liver-chip viability and CYP3A4 activity after being treated for 7 days with entacapone (black circles) or tolcapone (red squares) at 5X or 20X the clinical Cmax. Signal was normalized to DMSO-treated controls. Data represents the mean with individual data points. N = 3-4. C: brightfield pictures of spheroids in the liver-chip before and after treatment. Scale bar, 400 µm. D: metabolite profile following incubation of the liver-chip and single spheroid culture for 72 hours with 50 µM diclofenac. *, p < 0.05 between the liver spheroid and liver-chip for all reported metabolites.