Table 3. Results of included studies and computed effect sizes.
| Study | Outcome | Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | Effect | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exp. group | Con. group | Timea | Exp. group | Con. group | ||||||||
| M (sd) | n | M (sd) | n | M (sd) | n | M (sd) | n | r | d | |||
| 1 | Competence | 57.63 (5.14) | 16 | 61.33 (5.08) | 15 | 3 m | 74.81 (6.05) | 16 | 67.93 (3.94) | 15 | 1.35 | |
| 2 | Task mastery | 3.37 (0.80) | 129 | 3.45 (0.73) | 109 | 7 w | 3.33 (0.91) | 129 | 3.36 (0.73) | 109 | -0.04 | |
| Role clarity | 3.71 (0.68) | 129 | 3.75 (0.63) | 109 | 7 w | 3.70 (0.91) | 129 | 3.97 (0.63) | 109 | -0.41 | ||
| Social acceptance | 3.84 (0.80) | 129 | 3.81 (0.94) | 109 | 7 w | 3.78 (0.91) | 129 | 3.75 (0.94) | 109 | 0.03 | ||
| 3 | Role clarity | 4–5 m | 0.40 | 0.87b | ||||||||
| Role conflict | 4–5 m | -0.41 | -0.90b | |||||||||
| Role orientation | 4–5 m | -0.02 | -0.04b | |||||||||
| 4 | Competence (overall) | 2.94 (0.48) | 536 | 3.00 (0.41) | 177 | 6 m | 3.09 (0.38) | 536 | 3.11 (0.41) | 177 | -0.04 | |
| Patient-centred care | 3.94 (0.56) | 543 | 3.96 (0.56) | 179 | 6 m | 4.19 (0.52) | 543 | 4.20 (0.50) | 179 | -0.02 | ||
| Evidence-based practice and quality improvement | 3.72 (0.56) | 542 | 3.70 (0.59) | 179 | 6 m | 4.01 (0.50) | 542 | 3.98 (0.54) | 179 | 0.05 | ||
| Use of technology | 4.03 (0.59) | 540 | 4.07 (0.57) | 179 | 6 m | 4.32 (0.54) | 540 | 4.31 (0.54) | 179 | 0.02 | ||
| Communication & teamwork | 3.72 (0.59) | 542 | 3.82 (0.56) | 179 | 6 m | 4.07 (0.51) | 542 | 4.12 (0.48) | 179 | -0.09 | ||
| 5 | Competence (total) | 3.55 (1.22) | 206 | 4.13 (0.93) | 74 | 9 m | 5.16 (0.91) | 206 | 5.01 (0.91) | 74 | 0.13 | |
Note: Study 1 = Chen et al. (2017); Study 2 = Frögéli et al. (2020); Study 3 = Kowtha (2011); Study 4 = Spector et al. (2015); Study 5 = Horii et al. (2021); Exp. group = experimental group; Con. group = Control group; M = mean; n = number of participants; m = months, w = weeks; r = correlation coefficient; d = Cohens d computed based on pooled sd from baseline
aTime from baseline
bComputed according to [40]