Table 1.
Demographic comparisons
| Gen Za (18–23) | Millennialb (24–39) | Gen Xc (40–55) | Baby Boomerd (56–74) | Significance and effect size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 49.6 (38.8, 60.4) | 44.9 (31.3, 59.3) | 45.5 (40.7, 50.3) | 45.8 (41.3, 50.4) | p = .968 |
| Female | 50.4 (39.6, 61.2) | 55.0 (40.7, 68.6) | 54.5 (49.7, 59.3) | 54.2 (49.6, 58.7) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White | 68.0 (41.9, 86.2) | 56.6 (43.5, 68.8) | 59.8 (46.6, 71.7) | 77.7 (66.1, 86.1) | p = .155 |
| Black | 8.2 (3.0, 20.2) | 15.7 (4.2, 44.3) | 8.5 (5.2, 13.5) | 11.1 (3.7, 29.0) | |
| Hispanic | 21.1 (8.6, 43.2) | 18.8 (7.4, 40.2) | 24.1 (12.9, 40.4) | 7.1 (3.4, 14.3) | |
| Other | 2.8 (1.1, 6.8) | 8.9 (5.0, 15.4) | 7.7 (1.8, 27.2) | 4.1 (1.6, 9.8) | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Single | 94.4 (90.4, 96.8)b–d | 57.8 (45.5, 69.1)acd | 29.3 (20.1, 40.7)ab | 21.0 (10.5, 37.6)ab | p < .001; CC = .423 |
| Married | 5.6 (3.2, 9.6)b–d | 38.1 (26.8, 51.0)acd | 55.9 (46.6, 64.8)ab | 54.6 (43.6, 65.2)ab | |
| Divorced/separated/widow ed | – | 4.1 (2.0, 8.1)cd | 14.8 (9.3, 22.5)bd | 24.3 (18.8, 30.8)bc | |
| Household | |||||
| Children under 18 | 32.1 (16.4, 53.3)cd | 33.3 (24.7, 43.3)cd | 43.8 (36.4, 51.5)bd | 9.1 (4.4, 17.6)a–c | p < .001; CC = .299 |
| Employment status | |||||
| Employed | 44.8 (21.8, 70.3)b–d | 58.7 (45.4, 70.8)cd | 70.1 (61.5, 77.5)d | 29.7 (18.2, 44.5)bc | p < .001; CC = .422 |
| Unemployed (COVID-19) | 13.6 (5.3, 30.8) | 18.0 (11.1, 27.8)d | 13.4 (8.8, 20.0) | 11.9 (8.2, 16.9) | |
| Unemployed (not COVID-19) | 2.8 (1.1, 7.0)b–d | 16.8 (5.1, 43.3)ac | 7.7 (5.2, 11.3)a | 10.6 (3.4, 28.4)a | |
| Other (retired, student) | 38.8 (24.3, 55.6)bc | 6.5 (3.5, 11.9)ad | 8.8 (6.1, 12.6)bc | 47.8 (32.9, 63.0)ad | |
| Medical coverage | |||||
| Medicare | 5.0 (0.9, 22.5)d | 3.1 (1.0, 8.9)cd | 5.6 (3.9, 8.1)d | 44.5 (34.9, 54.5)a–c | p < .001; CC = .485 |
| Via employer | 65.9 (56.0, 74.5)d | 57.5 (46.8, 67.5)d | 65.2 (54.9, 74.2)d | 36.2 (25.8, 48.0)a–c | |
| Purchased/ACA | 20.0 (10.9, 33.8)b–d | 10.2 (6.2, 16.5)a | 10.8 (6.6, 17.1)a | 7.6 (4.6, 12.3)a | |
| Medicaid | 5.7 (1.1, 24.6)c | 4.8 (2.0, 10.8)c | 9.4 (5.8, 14.8)d | 3.3 (1.4, 7.7)c | |
| VA/Tricare/Military | – | 1.8 (0.4, 7.6) | 2.2 (0.5, 9.3) | 4.8 (1.6, 13.6) | |
| Private pay | 3.4 (1.9, 5.9)bc | 22.6 (10.6, 42.0)acd | 6.9 (3.7, 12.5)ab | 3.6 (1.7, 7.4)bc | |
| Education level | |||||
| High school or less | 17.3 (9.4, 29.6) | 12.1 (2.4, 43.9) | 7.9 (3.5, 17.0) | 5.6 (3.7, 8.4) | p = .073 |
| Some college | 50.6 (30.9, 70.1) | 25.7 (20.0, 32.3) | 31.4 (26.3, 36.9) | 29.7 (22.5, 38.1) | |
| 4-Year degree | 25.5 (13.7, 42.6) | 35.0 (23.2, 48.9) | 28.4 (23.2, 34.3) | 23.5 (17.9, 30.2) | |
| Graduate/professional | 6.6 (1.4, 25.4) | 27.3 (19.1, 37.3) | 32.3 (24.2, 41.5) | 41.2 (33.2, 49.7) |
Comparisons with p < .05 are indicated with bold font and effect sizes are provided
Values reported are column percentages and 95% confidence intervals using population weights
Post hoc comparisons use alphabetical superscripts to denote significant group differences. The superscripts for each parameter indicate the specific groups that differed significantly from the designated group, with a = Gen Z, b = Millennial, c = Gen X, and d = Baby Boomer